Last Updated on July 29, 2021 by Nancy Carteron, MD, FACR
4 out of 5 people with vulvas/vaginas and 1 out of 10 people with penises with gonorrhea have no STI symptoms.
They may be completely unaware that they have contracting the infection, and therefore do not seek treatment.
This increases the risk of complications and the chances of passing the infection on to another person.
Symptoms are similar to those of chlamydia (it is common to have these infections at the same time) and when symptoms do present, they usually show up between 2 and 10 days after sexual contact. However, in people with penises, symptoms may take up to a month to appear. Although most people with vulvas/vagins who have gonorrhea will remain asymptomatic (without symptoms), those who do develop noticeable symptoms usually do so within 10 days of infection.
Symptoms may also only appear in the morning and may be mild, especially for people with penises. That’s why many people do not realize they have an infection. Infections in the throat in particular, and also in the cervix and rectum, often cause no symptoms at all.
Gonorrhea infections in the urethra are most likely to cause symptoms.
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Gonorrhea Symptoms in People with Penises:
- Burning or pain when urinating
- Abnormal fluid discharge from the penis (white, yellow, or green in color)
- Swelling and/or redness around the urethra
- Slight fever
- Need to urinate more often
- Itching or tingling feeling inside the penis
- Pain, swelling, or tender testicles
- Increased urinary frequency or urgency
- Red or swollen opening of penis
Gonorrhea Symptoms in People with Vulvas/Vaginas:
- Burning or pain when urinating
- Increased fluid discharge from the vagina
- Slight fever
- Need to urinate more often
- Change in the period or a more painful period
- Bleeding or spotting between periods
- Pain during or after sex
- Pain in the lower stomach area
- Severe pain in lower abdomen
- Menstrual irregularities
- Swelling or tenderness of the vulva
- Throwing up
- Yellowish or yellow-green vaginal discharge
When the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes, some people still have no signs or symptoms. Others may experience one or more of the following symptoms, which can be an indication that the infection has progressed to pelvic inflammatory disease: lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, pain during intercourse, bleeding between menstrual periods, nausea, and fever.
Gonorrhea Symptoms in All People:
- Sore throat
- Itching and redness around the rectum
- Discharge from the anus or mucous in the stools
- Slight fever
- Rectal pain
- Painful bowel movements
- Sores around anus
- Constipation
- Frequent need to urinate
- Pain when urinating
- In rare cases, lower stomach pain
Additional Symptoms:
If the infection spreads to the bloodstream, fever, rash, and arthritis-like symptoms may occur.
If gonorrhea infects the eye, people might experience conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eyelid lining). Symptoms of conjunctivitis include redness, itching, and discharge from the eye.
The most common symptoms in newborns include conjunctivitis and pneumonia, which usually develop 5 to 12 days after birth.
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References
- Symptoms
- Shover, Chelsea L., et al. “Accuracy of Presumptive Gonorrhea Treatment for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men: Results from a Large Sexual Health Clinic in Los Angeles, California.” LGBT health2 (2018): 139-144.
- Orr, Tamra B. Gonorrhea. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2015.
- Bonyah, E., et al. “Modelling the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the transmission dynamics of gonorrhea with optimal control.” Mathematical biosciences 309 (2019): 1-11.
- Moyosore, Adebisi Temitayo. “Adolescent Sexual Development and Sexually Transmittted Infections.” International STD Research & Reviews (2016): 1-11.
- Elawad, N. A. M. “Situation of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Sudan.” Adv Reprod Sci Reprod Health In-fertil: ARRHI-102. DOI 10 (2018).
- Testing
- Reekie, Joanne, et al. “Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, repeat testing, and positivity: a population-based cohort study.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 66.3 (2018): 437-443.
- Wang, Li Yan, et al. “Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea Testing in New York Medicaid–Enrolled Adolescents.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.1 (2018): 14-18.
- Pittman, Ellen, et al. “Patient Acceptability and Feasibility of Self-Collecting Genital Samples for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing in a Community Setting Using Privacy Shelters.” Journal of Adolescent Health 58.2 (2016): S107-S108.
- Hoots, Brooke E., et al. “Self-reported chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and diagnosis among men who have sex with men—20 US cities, 2011 and 2014.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.7 (2018): 469-475.
- McRee, Annie‐Laurie, Allahna Esber, and Paul L. Reiter. “Acceptability of Home‐Based Chlamydia And Gonorrhea Testing Among a National Sample Of Sexual Minority Young Adults.” Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 47.1 (2015): 3-10.
- Treatment
- Kerani, Roxanne P., et al. “Gonorrhea treatment practices in the STD Surveillance Network, 2010–2012.” Sexually transmitted diseases 42.1 (2015): 6-12.
- Weston, Emily J., et al. “Adherence to CDC recommendations for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2016.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67.16 (2018): 473.
- Hook III, Edward W., et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Single-Dose Oral Delafloxacin Compared With Intramuscular Ceftriaxone for Uncomplicated Gonorrhea Treatment: An Open-Label, Noninferiority, Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized Study.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 279-286.
- Long, Jill E., Michael R. Wierzbicki, and Edward W. Hook III. “Impact of eligibility criteria on participant enrollment for a randomized clinical trial of gonorrhea treatment.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.6 (2017): 362.
- Singh, Ameeta E., et al. “Gonorrhea treatment failures with oral and injectable expanded spectrum cephalosporin monotherapy vs dual therapy at 4 Canadian sexually transmitted infection clinics, 2010–2013.” Sexually transmitted diseases 42.6 (2015): 331-336.
- Prevention
- Handsfield, H. Hunter. “Gonorrhea Prevention in the United States: Where Do We Go From Here?.” (2016): 731-732.
- Kirkcaldy, Robert D., et al. “Considering the Potential Application of Whole Genome Sequencing to Gonorrhea Prevention and Control.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.6 (2018): e29-e32.
- Bowen, Virginia B., et al. “Gonorrhea.” Current Epidemiology Reports 4.1 (2017): 1-10.
- Spicknall, Ian H., et al. “Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 321-328.
- Spicknall, Ian H., et al. “Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 321-328.
- Transmission
- Fairley, Christopher K., et al. “Frequent transmission of gonorrhea in men who have sex with men.” Emerging infectious diseases 23.1 (2017): 102.
- Spicknall, Ian H., et al. “Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 321-328.
- Tuite, Ashleigh R., et al. “Impact of rapid susceptibility testing and antibiotic selection strategy on the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea.” The Journal of infectious diseases 216.9 (2017): 1141-1149.
- Bonyah, E., et al. “Modelling the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the transmission dynamics of gonorrhea with optimal control.” Mathematical biosciences 309 (2019): 1-11.
- Ndeffo-Mbah, Martial L., et al. “Dynamic models of infectious disease transmission in prisons and the general population.” Epidemiologic reviews 40.1 (2018): 40-57.