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The STI Project

Breaking the Stigma

Normal Genital Spots Commonly Mistaken for an STI/STD

By Jenelle Pierce, MBA, CSE, CHES, Board President

Last Updated on July 29, 2021 by Nancy Carteron, MD, FACR

STDMany people only see their own genitals and very rarely examine others’ in broad daylight. Therefore, it is almost impossible for people to know if recent changes, new developments, color variations and lumpy bumpy bits are, in fact, a normal variant or something they should rush to the clinic with.

This guide is intended to give you an overview of some of the things commonly mistaken for an STI/STD.

At the end of this page, we’ve included links to pictures of STIs as well and ways to find testing (at-home testing, free/low-cost testing, etc.) globally.

Really, the only way to know for sure is to get tested.

Take the leap, face your fear – it’s really not that bad – and find out for sure if what you’re experiencing is friend or foe!

Pearly Penile Papules

Most penises have some and some penises have a lot. These seem to develop more prominently during teenage years and can be alarming to young adults.

They are completely normal glands.

They will never go away and they should not be treated, even if some people think they look ugly.

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Parafrenular Glands

These are normal glands that are scattered on either side of the frenulum. Sometimes there are just three or four lined up symmetrically.

However, more often there is a scattering of glands that can look suspiciously like genital warts to the inexperienced eye. In darker colored skin they can be even more dramatic.

The glands are usually small and smooth in comparison to warts which have a rough surface.

Fordyce Spots

These glands are scattered in clusters along the refexprepuce, the shaft of the penis and in the vestibular area of the vulva. In some patients, these patches of glands can be extensive and can be quite dramatic, especially when the skin is stretched.

Vestibular Papillae

These small frond-like glands can be quite confusing if they are extensive.

In some patients it may be almost impossible to tell whether they are early genital warts or vestibular papillae. Unlike warts, vestibular papillae are usually located in asymmetrical fashion.

However, if uncertain, it’s best just to wait a month or two and review.

Sebaceous Cysts

These are very common in the genital area.

They can be alarming.

They can grow quite fast, and many patients want surgical excision of these for cosmetic reasons. In some cases, however, they can be relatively discreet, painless and even unnoticed, as in figure 10. When they are on the scrotum they can be very prominent and most people want something done with them (Figure 11).

These, however, are quite harmless, and can be left alone, other than for cosmetic reasons.

Lymphocoele

This is a cord like swelling that develops behind the coronalsulcus. It is a lymph channel that has become solidified. The cord like swelling can be smooth (Figure 12) or develop knobbly lumps and cause concern over cancer (Figure 13). This can happen spontaneously or it can happen after vigorous sex or masturbation.

It can be painful, so anti-inflammatory medication may be necessary.

The cord like swelling gradually disappears and is of no consequence.

What To Do Now?!?!

Does this post have you even more confused and worried than before you read through it??! Do you feel like you might have one of the above normal genital spots commonly mistaken for an STI/STD but you’re still unsure?

The only real way to find out is to see a professional and get tested.

Odds are, you’re still worried you might have an STI because you’ve engaged in manual, oral, vaginal or anal sex and now you’re noticing something new.

Here are some things you can use to reduce your risk next time (in case you didn’t think about them this time around).

What you are experiencing might be totally normal and nothing to worry about and it might not.

The emotional and psychological implications of a diagnosis are often one of the most difficult things to deal with and are usually why people wait until the last minute to have symptoms checked out. Don’t wait until your symptom disappears (just because a symptom subsides doesn’t mean the issue has corrected itself) or gets worse.

Find out for your own piece of mind.

Getting tested is really not as scary as it sounds (read about what it’s like to get tested, advice from an STD testing counselor and find a testing clinic near you globally)!

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References
Chancroid References
  • Symptoms
    • Pipkins, Miracle. “The Damage of Unprotected Sex: STDs, Cancer and More.” Microreviews in Cell and Molecular Biology2 (2017).
    • Passos, Mauro Romero Leal. “Gonococcus and Chlamydia Infection.” Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Cham, 2018. 173-202.
    • Di Paolo, Gilda. “Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescence.” Good Practice in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Springer, Cham, 2018. 211-238.
    • Neilan, Anne M. “Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) in Adolescents.” The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Adolescent Medicine Handbook. Springer, Cham, 2017. 207-236.
    • Shi, Songtao, Shiyu Liu, and Fa-ming Chen. “Composition of stem cells having highly expressed FAS ligand.” U.S. Patent Application No. 14/915,105.
  • Testing
    • Jasek, Emile, et al. “Sexually Transmitted Infections in Melbourne, Australia from 1918 to 2016: nearly a century of data.” Communicable Diseases Intelligence3 (2017): E212-E222.
    • Non-Pediculosis, Gonorrhea. “Walter Belda Jr.” Dermatology in Public Health Environments: A Comprehensive Textbook (2018): 139.
    • Shi, Songtao, Shiyu Liu, and Fa-Ming Chen. “Composition of stem cells having highly expressed fas ligand.” U.S. Patent Application No. 14/915,105.
    • Faguet, Guy. Conquest of Cancer. Springer, 2016.
    • Kamal, Khalid M., et al. “A systematic review of the effect of cancer treatment on work productivity of patients and caregivers.” Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy2 (2017): 136-162.
  • Treatment
    • Kamal, Khalid M., et al. “A systematic review of the effect of cancer treatment on work productivity of patients and caregivers.” Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy2 (2017): 136-162.
    • Ortiz López, Pedro. “Eight decades of ICRP recommendations in medicine: A perspective.” Annals of the ICRP1_suppl (2016): 106-112.
    • Stockfleth, Eggert. “Use of a polyphenol for the treatment of a cancerous or pre-cancerous lesion of the skin.” U.S. Patent No. 9,060,998. 23 Jun. 2015.
    • Hanley, Anne R. “Under the Microscope.” Medicine, Knowledge and Venereal Diseases in England, 1886-1916. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 107-146.
    • Hauser, Jennifer E. Genetic Epidemiology of Radiation Sensitivity and Basal Cell Carcinoma in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Diss. University of Cincinnati, 2015.
  • Prevention
    • Iskandar, Freya Nazera, Dewi Puspitaningrum, and Lia Mulyanti. “THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ATTITUDE TOWARDS CERVICITIS PREVENTION AND SCREENING CHECKUP.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Science and Health. No. 2. 2017.
    • McKinnell, Robert Gilmore. The Understanding, Prevention and Control of Human Cancer: The Historic Work and Lives of Elizabeth Cavert Miller and James A. Miller. Brill, 2015.
    • Dapaah, Jonathan Mensah, et al. “Knowledge about sexual and reproductive health services and practice of what is known among Ghanaian Youth, a mixed method approach.” (2016).
    • Chemwor, Ezekiel Kiplimo, and Lazarus Momanyi. Knowledge and Knower Structures in Relation to Reproductive and Sexual Health in School Curricula of Kenya and South Africa. Diss. Nelson Mandela University, 2017.
    • Kessy, Hyasinta Catharine Francis. Differential Effectiveness of Plain and Multimedia Enriched Sex Education Instructional Materials on Secondary School Student’s Performance in Tanzania. Diss. The Open University of Tanzania, 2016.
  • Transmission
    • Onuigbo, W. I. B. “The surgical pathology of cancer: A historical review.” J Cancer Prev Curr Res3 (2015): 00039.
    • Passos, Mauro Romero Leal. “Gonococcus and Chlamydia Infection.” Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Cham, 2018. 173-202.
    • Belay, Alemayehu Sayih, et al. “Assessment of magnitude of risk sexual behavior among Mizan high school and preparatory school students, South West, Ethiopia, 2016: descriptive cross-sectional study.” International Journal3 (2018): 68.
    • Kraszewski, Sarah. “Sexual relationships between older people in the care home.” Nursing And Residential Care11 (2017): 626-629.
    • Shewasinad, Sisay, et al. “Assessment of Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health Issues among Mizan Secondary and Preparatory School Students with Parents, Mizan Town, Ethiopia, 2016.” American Journal of Health Research 5.5 (2017): 131.
Chlamydia References
  • Symptoms
    • Honkila, Minna, et al. “Symptoms, signs and long-term prognosis of vertically transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections.” The Pediatric infectious disease journal9 (2018): 930-933.
    • Musil, Kate, et al. “Rectal chlamydia infection in women at high risk of chlamydia attending Canberra Sexual Health Centre.” International journal of STD & AIDS7 (2016): 526-530.
    • Veličko, Inga, et al. “Sexual and testing behaviour associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a cohort study in an STI clinic in Sweden.” BMJ open8 (2016): e011312.
    • Short, Renna, et al. “Prevalence of gonorrhea and Chlamydia infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men by anatomic site and presence or absence of symptoms.” Open forum infectious diseases. Vol. 2. No. suppl_1. Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015.
    • Andersson, Nirina, Jens Boman, and Elisabet Nylander. “Rectal chlamydia–should screening be recommended in women?.” International journal of STD & AIDS 28.5 (2017): 476-479.
  • Testing
    • Davies, Bethan, et al. “Risk of reproductive complications following chlamydia testing: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Denmark.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases9 (2016): 1057-1064.
    • Naimer, Michelle S., et al. “The effect of changes in cervical cancer screening guidelines on chlamydia testing.” The Annals of Family Medicine4 (2017): 329-334.
    • Price, Malcolm J., Paddy J. Horner, and A. E. Ades. “Risk of reproductive complications following chlamydia testing.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases11 (2016): 1223-1224.
    • Sharman, Natasha, et al. “Chlamydia testing: reaching high-risk sexually active young people in the community.” (2016): 78-79.
    • Woodhall, Sarah C., et al. “Is chlamydia screening and testing in Britain reaching young adults at risk of infection? Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).” Sex Transm Infect3 (2016): 218-227.
  • Treatment
    • Foster, Rosalind, et al. “Does living outside of a major city impact on the timeliness of chlamydia treatment? A multicenter cross-sectional analysis.” Sexually transmitted diseases8 (2016): 506-512.
    • Yoon, Jungwon, et al. “Does Nonmetropolitan Residence Impact Timely Chlamydia Treatment in Massachusetts?.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.8 (2018): e52-e56.
    • Wood, Helen, et al. “Barriers and facilitators of partner treatment of chlamydia: A qualitative investigation with prescribers and community pharmacists.” Pharmacy1 (2018): 17.
    • Eaton, Susan Elizabeth. Integrating novel digital technology for the testing & treatment of chlamydia into mainstream sexual health services in England. Diss. University of Warwick, 2017.
    • World Health Organization. “WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis.” (2016).
  • Prevention
    • Yu, Hong, et al. “Subunit vaccines for the prevention of mucosal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.” Expert review of vaccines8 (2016): 977-988.
    • Estcourt, Claudia S., et al. “The eSexual Health Clinic system for management, prevention, and control of sexually transmitted infections: exploratory studies in people testing for Chlamydia trachomatis.” The lancet Public health4 (2017): e182-e190.
    • Di Pietro, Marisa, et al. “Chlamydia pneumoniae and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: state of the art and prevention strategies.” International journal of molecular sciences1 (2015): 724-735.
    • Naimer, Michelle S., et al. “The effect of changes in cervical cancer screening guidelines on chlamydia testing.” The Annals of Family Medicine4 (2017): 329-334.
    • Jerlström, Charlotta, and Annsofie Adolfsson. “Prevention of Chlamydia Infections With Theater in School Sex Education.” The Journal of School Nursing (2018): 1059840518811912.
  • Transmission
    • Rönn, Minttu M., et al. “The use of mathematical models of chlamydia transmission to address public health policy questions: a systematic review.” Sexually transmitted diseases5 (2017): 278-283.
    • van Wees, Daphne A., et al. “Double trouble: modelling the impact of low risk perception and high-risk sexual behaviour on chlamydia transmission.” Journal of The Royal Society Interface141 (2018): 20170847.
    • Enns, Eva Andrea, et al. “Using Multiple Outcomes of Sexual Behavior to Provide Insights Into Chlamydia Transmission and the Effectiveness of Prevention Interventions in Adolescents.” Sexually transmitted diseases10 (2017): 619-626.
    • Rönn, Minttu M., et al. “The Impact of Screening and Partner Notification on Chlamydia in the United States, 2000 to 2015: Evaluation of Epidemiological Trends Using a Pair-Formation Transmission Model.” (2019).
    • Den Daas, C., Kretzschmar Me, and J. C. Heijne. “P3. 230 Double trouble: the impact of low risk perception and high risk sexual behaviour on chlamydia transmission.” (2017): A179-A179.
CMV References
  • Symptoms
    • De La Torre-Almaráz, R., V. Pallas, and JESUS ANGEL Sánchez-Navarro. “First report of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and CARNA-5 in carnation in Mexico.” Plant Disease 100.7 (2016): 1509-1509.
    • Wong, Yu Jun, et al. “Cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis: an uncommon complication of CMV reactivation in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.” Singapore medical journal 59.2 (2018): 112.
    • Mizukawa, Y., et al. “Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms severity score: A useful tool for assessing disease severity and predicting fatal cytomegalovirus disease.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 80.3 (2019): 670-678.
    • Marin, Lauro Juliano, et al. “Prevalence and clinical aspects of CMV congenital Infection in a low-income population.” Virology journal 13.1 (2016): 148.
    • Liu, Yingna, et al. “Diagnostic utility of ocular symptoms and vision for cytomegalovirus retinitis.” PloS one 11.10 (2016): e0165564.
  • Testing
    • Bergevin, Anna, et al. “Cost–benefit analysis of targeted hearing directed early testing for congenital cytomegalovirus infection.” International Journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 79.12 (2015): 2090-2093.
    • Boeckh, Michael, et al. “Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA quantitation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with CMV pneumonia.” The Journal of infectious diseases 215.10 (2017): 1514-1522.
    • Lee, Edward R., and Dylan K. Chan. “Implications of dried blood spot testing for congenital CMV on management of children with hearing loss: A preliminary report.” International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 119 (2019): 10-14.
    • Johnson, Jessica, et al. “CMV Disease in IBD: comparison of diagnostic tests and correlation with disease outcome.” Inflammatory bowel diseases 24.7 (2018): 1539-1546.
    • Reitter, A., et al. “Incidence of CMV co-infection in HIV-positive women and their neonates in a tertiary referral centre: a cohort study.” Medical microbiology and immunology 205.1 (2016): 63-71.
  • Treatment
    • Goodman, A. L., et al. “CMV in the gut: a critical review of CMV detection in the immunocompetent host with colitis.” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 34.1 (2015): 13-18.
    • Schulz, Uwe, et al. “CMV immunoglobulins for the treatment of CMV infections in thoracic transplant recipients.” Transplantation 100.Suppl 3 (2016): S5.
    • Maffini, Enrico, et al. “Treatment of CMV infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.” Expert review of hematology 9.6 (2016): 585-596.
    • Maertens, Johan, et al. “Maribavir versus Valganciclovir for preemptive treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia: a randomized, dose-ranging, phase 2 study among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.” Open Forum Infectious Diseases. Vol. 3. No. suppl_1. Oxford University Press, 2016.
    • Smith, Davey M., et al. “Asymptomatic CMV replication during early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with lower CD4/CD8 ratio during HIV treatment.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 63.11 (2016): 1517-1524.
  • Prevention
    • Rawlinson, William D., et al. “Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17.6 (2017): e177-e188.
    • Revello, Maria Grazia, et al. “Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy.” EBioMedicine 2.9 (2015): 1205-1210.
    • Fernández‐Ruiz, Mario, et al. “Cytomegalovirus prevention strategies in seropositive kidney transplant recipients: an insight into current clinical practice.” Transplant International 28.9 (2015): 1042-1054.
    • Naing, Zin W., et al. “Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: a review of prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 56.1 (2016): 9-18.
    • Boeckh, Michael, et al. “Valganciclovir for the prevention of complications of late cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a randomized trial.” Annals of internal medicine 162.1 (2015): 1-10.
  • Transmission
    • AABB, Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee, et al. “AABB Committee Report: reducing transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus infections.” Transfusion 56.6pt2 (2016): 1581-1587.
    • Hamprecht, Klaus, and Rangmar Goelz. “Postnatal cytomegalovirus infection through human milk in preterm infants: Transmission, clinical presentation, and prevention.” Clinics in perinatology 44.1 (2017): 121-130.
    • Kagan, Karl Oliver, et al. “Prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of CMV by hyperimmunoglobulin (HIG) administered after a primary maternal CMV infection in early gestation.” Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 78.10 (2018): FV43.
    • Rawlinson, William D., et al. “Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17.6 (2017): e177-e188.
    • Schleiss, Mark R. “Preventing congenital cytomegalovirus infection: protection to a ‘T’.” Trends in microbiology 24.3 (2016): 170-172.
Donovanosis References
  • Symptoms
    • Passos, Mauro Romero Leal. “Donovanosis.” Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Cham, 2018. 161-172.
    • De Barros, Luisa Kelmer Côrtes, Marcio Lobo Jardim, And Omar Lupi. “Donovanosis (Granuloma Inguinale).” Tropical Dermatology E-Book (2016): 328.
    • Tarrahi, Mohammad Javad, Sina Kianersi, and Maryam Nasirian. “Latent class analysis of symptoms for sexually transmitted infections among Iranian women: Results from a population-based survey.” Health care for women international (2019): 1-15.
    • O’Farrell, Nigel, and Harald Moi. “2016 European guideline on donovanosis.” International journal of STD & AIDS 27.8 (2016): 605-607.
    • De Carvalho Bezerra, Sarita Martins, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama. “Donovanosis.” Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections (2018): 167-179.
  • Testing
    • Raffe, Sonia, and Suneeta Soni. “Diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted infections.” Medicine5 (2018): 277-282.
    • O’Farrell, Nigel, and Harald Moi. “2016 European guideline on donovanosis.” International journal of STD & AIDS8 (2016): 605-607.
    • HAJARE, SUMIT ASHOK, et al. “Donovanosis in Central India: A Series of Six Cases and Review of Literature.” Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research4 (2019).
    • Santiago-Wickey, Jenna N., and Brianna Crosby. “Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis).” StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2018.
    • Ramdial, P. K., et al. “Nodal donovanosis as the sentinel clue to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.” Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research9 (2016).
  • Treatment
    • De Carvalho Bezerra, Sarita Martins, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama. “Donovanosis.” Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections (2018): 167-179.
    • Magalhães, Bárbara Machado, et al. “Donovanosis in a child victim of sexual abuse: response to doxycycline treatment.” Anais brasileiros de dermatologia4 (2018): 592-594.
    • Ahmed, Nadia, et al. “Donovanosis causing lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and meningitis in a child.” The Lancet9987 (2015): 2644.
    • O’Farrell, Nigel, Anwar Hoosen, and Margaret Kingston. “2018 UK national guideline for the management of donovanosis.” International journal of STD & AIDS10 (2018): 946-948.
    • Maness, Lisa. “Donovanosis Infection Watch.” Journal of Continuing Education Topics & Issues1 (2019): 2-7.
  • Prevention
    • Ornelas, Jennifer, et al. “Granuloma inguinale in a 51-year-old man.” Dermatology online journal4 (2016).
    • Ronald, Allan. “62. Genital ulcer adenopathy syndrome.” Clinical Infectious Disease (2015): 406.
    • Maness, Lisa. “Donovanosis Infection Watch.” Journal of Continuing Education Topics & Issues 21.1 (2019): 2-7.
    • Oliveira, Giselly Oseni Barbosa, et al. “Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases among visually impaired people: educational text validation.” Revista latino-americana de enfermagem 24 (2016).
    • Magalhães, Bárbara Machado, et al. “Donovanosis in a child victim of sexual abuse: response to doxycycline treatment.” Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 93.4 (2018): 592-594.
  • Transmission
    • Ahmed, Nadia, et al. “Donovanosis causing lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and meningitis in a child.” The Lancet9987 (2015): 2644.
    • O’Farrell, Nigel, and Harald Moi. “2016 European guideline on donovanosis.” International journal of STD & AIDS 27.8 (2016): 605-607.
    • De Carvalho Bezerra, Sarita Martins, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama. “Donovanosis.” Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections (2018): 167-179.
    • Passos, Mauro Romero Leal. “Donovanosis.” Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Cham, 2018. 161-172.
    • Belda, Walter. “Sexually transmitted diseases.” Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham, 2018. 139-156.
Genital Warts References
  • Symptoms
    • Chow, Eric PF, et al. “Ongoing decline in genital warts among young heterosexuals 7 years after the Australian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme.” Sex Transm Infect 91.3 (2015): 214-219.
    • Suligoi, Barbara, et al. “Prevalence and incidence of external genital warts in a sample of Italian general female population.” BMC infectious diseases 17.1 (2017): 126.
    • Bartels, Anne, Michael Crandall, and Leah Spring. “Recalcitrant genital papules: this patient was initially told he had genital warts, but the appearance of the lesions, and the presence of a rash on his trunk and extremities, suggested another diagnosis.” Journal of Family Practice 66.7 (2017): 457-461.
    • Schöfer, Helmut, et al. “Sinecatechins and imiquimod as proactive sequential therapy of external genital and perianal warts in adults.” International journal of STD & AIDS 28.14 (2017): 1433-1443.
    • Edwards, Sarah K. “Genital rash (including warts and infestations).” Medicine 46.6 (2018): 325-330.
  • Testing
    • Aung, Ei T., et al. “Detection of human papillomavirus in urine among heterosexual men in relation to location of genital warts and circumcision status.” Sex Transm Infect 94.3 (2018): 222-225.
    • Boda, Daniel, et al. “HPV strain distribution in patients with genital warts in a female population sample.” Oncology letters 12.3 (2016): 1779-1782.
    • Hu, Zhili, et al. “Dynamics of HPV viral loads reflect the treatment effect of photodynamic therapy in genital warts.” Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 21 (2018): 86-90.
    • Thomas, Réjean, et al. “P3. 189 Recurrence of human papillomavirus external genital wart infection among high-risk adults in montrÉal, quÉbec.” (2017): A163-A163.
    • Zhu, Cansheng, et al. “Prevalence and distribution of HPV types in genital warts in Xi’an, China: a prospective study.” BMJ open 9.5 (2019): e023897.
  • Treatment
    • Park, Ina U., Camille Introcaso, and Eileen F. Dunne. “Human papillomavirus and genital warts: a review of the evidence for the 2015 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S849-S855.
    • Yuan, Jianwei, et al. “Genital warts treatment: beyond imiquimod.” Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 14.7 (2018): 1815-1819.
    • Abu-Naser, Samy S., and Mones M. Al-Hanjori. “An expert system for men genital problems diagnosis and treatment.” (2016).
    • Firooz, A., et al. “The efficacy and safety of other cryotherapy compounds for the treatment of genital warts: a randomized controlled trial.” Journal of Dermatological Treatment 30.2 (2019): 176-178.
    • Das, Suchibrata, et al. “Auto-wart inoculation: An easy and effective treatment of multiple, recalcitrant and genital warts.” Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatology 26.3 (2017): 229-234.
  • Prevention
    • Park, Ina U., Camille Introcaso, and Eileen F. Dunne. “Human papillomavirus and genital warts: a review of the evidence for the 2015 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S849-S855.
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases.” Washington DC Public Health Foundation 2 (2015): 20-2.
    • Stanley, Margaret. “Preventing cervical cancer and genital warts–How much protection is enough for HPV vaccines?.” Journal of Infection 72 (2016): S23-S28.
    • Sharma, M., S. Sy, and J. J. Kim. “The value of male human papillomavirus vaccination in preventing cervical cancer and genital warts in a low‐resource setting.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 123.6 (2016): 917-926.
    • Steben, Marc. “A Very Common Intimate Concern:“Will My Genital Warts Ever Stop Recurring?”.” (2018): 682-684.
  • Transmission
    • Chow, Eric Pui Fung, et al. “Ratio of anogenital warts between different anatomical sites in homosexual and heterosexual individuals in Australia, 2002–2013: implications for susceptibility of different anatomical sites to genital warts.” Epidemiology & Infection 143.7 (2015): 1495-1499.
    • Mohammed, Hamish, et al. “Increase in sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men, England, 2014.” Emerging infectious diseases 22.1 (2016): 88.
    • Ma, Liang, et al. “Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes (2014–2016) in women with genital warts at a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Beijing, China.” Future Virology 13.2 (2018): 111-117.
    • Schöfer, Helmut, et al. “Sinecatechins and imiquimod as proactive sequential therapy of external genital and perianal warts in adults.” International journal of STD & AIDS 28.14 (2017): 1433-1443.
    • Grennan, Dara. “Genital Warts.” Jama 321.5 (2019): 520-520.
Gonorrhea References
  • Symptoms
    • Shover, Chelsea L., et al. “Accuracy of Presumptive Gonorrhea Treatment for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men: Results from a Large Sexual Health Clinic in Los Angeles, California.” LGBT health2 (2018): 139-144.
    • Orr, Tamra B. Gonorrhea. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2015.
    • Bonyah, E., et al. “Modelling the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the transmission dynamics of gonorrhea with optimal control.” Mathematical biosciences 309 (2019): 1-11.
    • Moyosore, Adebisi Temitayo. “Adolescent Sexual Development and Sexually Transmittted Infections.” International STD Research & Reviews (2016): 1-11.
    • Elawad, N. A. M. “Situation of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Sudan.” Adv Reprod Sci Reprod Health In-fertil: ARRHI-102. DOI 10 (2018).
  • Testing
    • Reekie, Joanne, et al. “Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, repeat testing, and positivity: a population-based cohort study.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 66.3 (2018): 437-443.
    • Wang, Li Yan, et al. “Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea Testing in New York Medicaid–Enrolled Adolescents.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.1 (2018): 14-18.
    • Pittman, Ellen, et al. “Patient Acceptability and Feasibility of Self-Collecting Genital Samples for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing in a Community Setting Using Privacy Shelters.” Journal of Adolescent Health 58.2 (2016): S107-S108.
    • Hoots, Brooke E., et al. “Self-reported chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and diagnosis among men who have sex with men—20 US cities, 2011 and 2014.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.7 (2018): 469-475.
    • McRee, Annie‐Laurie, Allahna Esber, and Paul L. Reiter. “Acceptability of Home‐Based Chlamydia And Gonorrhea Testing Among a National Sample Of Sexual Minority Young Adults.” Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 47.1 (2015): 3-10.
  • Treatment
    • Kerani, Roxanne P., et al. “Gonorrhea treatment practices in the STD Surveillance Network, 2010–2012.” Sexually transmitted diseases 42.1 (2015): 6-12.
    • Weston, Emily J., et al. “Adherence to CDC recommendations for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2016.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67.16 (2018): 473.
    • Hook III, Edward W., et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Single-Dose Oral Delafloxacin Compared With Intramuscular Ceftriaxone for Uncomplicated Gonorrhea Treatment: An Open-Label, Noninferiority, Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized Study.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 279-286.
    • Long, Jill E., Michael R. Wierzbicki, and Edward W. Hook III. “Impact of eligibility criteria on participant enrollment for a randomized clinical trial of gonorrhea treatment.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.6 (2017): 362.
    • Singh, Ameeta E., et al. “Gonorrhea treatment failures with oral and injectable expanded spectrum cephalosporin monotherapy vs dual therapy at 4 Canadian sexually transmitted infection clinics, 2010–2013.” Sexually transmitted diseases 42.6 (2015): 331-336.
  • Prevention
    • Handsfield, H. Hunter. “Gonorrhea Prevention in the United States: Where Do We Go From Here?.” (2016): 731-732.
    • Kirkcaldy, Robert D., et al. “Considering the Potential Application of Whole Genome Sequencing to Gonorrhea Prevention and Control.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.6 (2018): e29-e32.
    • Bowen, Virginia B., et al. “Gonorrhea.” Current Epidemiology Reports 4.1 (2017): 1-10.
    • Spicknall, Ian H., et al. “Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 321-328.
    • Spicknall, Ian H., et al. “Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 321-328.
  • Transmission
    • Fairley, Christopher K., et al. “Frequent transmission of gonorrhea in men who have sex with men.” Emerging infectious diseases 23.1 (2017): 102.
    • Spicknall, Ian H., et al. “Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.5 (2019): 321-328.
    • Tuite, Ashleigh R., et al. “Impact of rapid susceptibility testing and antibiotic selection strategy on the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea.” The Journal of infectious diseases 216.9 (2017): 1141-1149.
    • Bonyah, E., et al. “Modelling the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the transmission dynamics of gonorrhea with optimal control.” Mathematical biosciences 309 (2019): 1-11.
    • Ndeffo-Mbah, Martial L., et al. “Dynamic models of infectious disease transmission in prisons and the general population.” Epidemiologic reviews 40.1 (2018): 40-57.
Hepatitis References
  • Symptoms
    • Vestergaard, Hanne Thang, et al. “Transfusion transmission of hepatitis A virus with fecal shedding in a previously hepatitis A vaccinated recipient.” Journal of infection and chemotherapy 24.9 (2018): 766-768.
    • Parsa Nahad, Mehdi, et al. “Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Patients with Acute Hepatitis Symptoms in Ahvaz, Iran.” International Journal of Medical Laboratory 5.1 (2018): 11-18.
    • Brietzke, Aline P., et al. “Neuroplastic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on painful symptoms reduction in chronic hepatitis C: a phase II randomized, double blind, sham controlled trial.” Frontiers in neuroscience 9 (2016): 498.
    • Evon, Donna M., et al. “Patient-reported symptoms during and after direct acting antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C: The PROP UP Study.” Journal of hepatology (2019).
    • Kirstein, Martha M., Arndt Vogel, and Michael P. Manns. “Autoimmune Hepatitis.” Evidence‐based Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4e (2019): 592-601.
  • Testing
    • Easterbrook, Philippa, et al. “HIV and hepatitis testing: global progress, challenges, and future directions.” AIDS Rev 18.1 (2016): 3-14.
    • Bottero, Julie, et al. “2014 French guidelines for hepatitis B and C screening: a combined targeted and mass testing strategy of chronic viruses namely HBV, HCV and HIV.” Liver International 36.10 (2016): 1442-1449.
    • Coffie, Patrick A., et al. “Trends in hepatitis B virus testing practices and management in HIV clinics across sub-Saharan Africa.” BMC infectious diseases 17.1 (2017): 706.
    • AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel, et al. “Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD‐IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus.” Hepatology 62.3 (2015): 932-954.
    • Mezzo, Jennifer L., et al. “The Hepatitis Testing and Linkage-to-Care Data Review Process: An Approach to Ensuring the Quality of Program Data.” Public Health Reports 131.2_suppl (2016): 44-48.
  • Treatment
    • Terrault, Norah A., et al. “A ASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B.” Hepatology 63.1 (2016): 261-283.
    • European Association for The Study of The Liver. “EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018.” Journal of hepatology 69.2 (2018): 461-511.
    • Terrault, Norah A., et al. “Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance.” Hepatology 67.4 (2018): 1560-1599.
    • Charlton, Michael, et al. “Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for treatment of compensated recurrent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation.” Gastroenterology 148.1 (2015): 108-117.
    • World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Prevention Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Mar-15. World Health Organization, 2015.
  • Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “HIV and viral hepatitis.” South Carolina State Documents Depository (2017).
    • Zhang, Qian, et al. “Epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections and benefits of programs for hepatitis prevention in northeastern China: a cross-sectional study.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 62.3 (2015): 305-312.
    • Tavitian, Suzanne, et al. “Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis prevention among patients with hematologic malignancies.” Emerging infectious diseases 21.8 (2015): 1466.
    • Dahiya, Parveen, et al. ““Hepatitis”–Prevention and management in dental practice.” Journal of education and health promotion 4 (2015).
    • He, Tianhua, et al. “Prevention of hepatitis C by screening and treatment in US prisons.” Annals of internal medicine 164.2 (2016): 84-92.
  • Transmission
    • Pan, Calvin Q., et al. “Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load.” New England Journal of Medicine 374.24 (2016): 2324-2334.
    • Doceul, Virginie, et al. “Zoonotic hepatitis E virus: Classification, animal reservoirs and transmission routes.” Viruses 8.10 (2016): 270.
    • Jourdain, Gonzague, et al. “Tenofovir versus placebo to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B.” New England Journal of Medicine 378.10 (2018): 911-923.
    • Hofmeister, Megan G., Monique A. Foster, and Eyasu H. Teshale. “Epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus infections in the United States.” Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 9.4 (2019): a033431.
    • Dionne-Odom, Jodie, et al. “# 38: Hepatitis B in pregnancy screening, treatment, and prevention of vertical transmission.” American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 214.1 (2016): 6-14.
Herpes References
  • Symptoms
    • Armangue, Thaís, et al. “Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis.” The Lancet Neurology 17.9 (2018): 760-772.
    • Groves, Mary Jo. “Genital herpes: a review.” Am Fam Physician 93.11 (2016): 928-934.
    • Jonker, Iris, et al. “The association between herpes virus infections and functional somatic symptoms in a general population of adolescents. The TRAILS study.” PloS one 12.10 (2017): e0185608.
    • Verhoeven, Dirk HJ, et al. “Reactivation of human herpes virus-6 after pediatric stem cell transplantation: risk factors, onset, clinical symptoms and association with severity of acute graft-versus-host disease.” The Pediatric infectious disease journal 34.10 (2015): 1118-1127.
    • Croll, Benjamin J., et al. “MRI diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis in an elderly man with nonspecific symptoms.” Radiology case reports 12.1 (2017): 159-160.
  • Testing
    • Tan, S. K., and B. A. Pinsky. “Molecular Testing for Herpes Viruses.” Diagnostic Molecular Pathology. Academic Press, 2017. 89-101.
    • Piret, Jocelyne, Nathalie Goyette, and Guy Boivin. “Novel method based on real-time cell analysis for drug susceptibility testing of herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus.” Journal of clinical microbiology 54.8 (2016): 2120-2127.
    • Hauser, Ronald G., et al. “Reply to Galen,“Screening cerebrospinal fluid prior to herpes simplex virus pcr testing might miss cases of herpes simplex encephalitis”.” Journal of clinical microbiology 55.10 (2017): 3144.
    • Hauser, Ronald G., et al. “Cost-effectiveness study of criteria for screening cerebrospinal fluid to determine the need for herpes simplex virus PCR testing.” Journal of clinical microbiology 55.5 (2017): 1566-1575.
    • Bohn-Wippert, Kathrin, et al. “Resistance testing of clinical herpes simplex virus type 2 isolates collected over 4 decades.” International Journal of Medical Microbiology 305.7 (2015): 644-651.
  • Treatment
    • Wilhelmus, Kirk R. “Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2015).
    • James, Scott H., and David W. Kimberlin. “Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection: epidemiology and treatment.” Clinics in perinatology 42.1 (2015): 47-59.
    • Jeon, Young Hoon. “Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: practical consideration for prevention and treatment.” The Korean journal of pain 28.3 (2015): 177.
    • Eppink ST, Kumar S, Miele K, Chesson H. Lifetime medical costs of genital herpes in the United States: Estimates from insurance claims. Sex Transm Dis. (2021).
    • Breier, Alan, et al. “Herpes simplex virus 1 infection and valacyclovir treatment in schizophrenia: Results from the VISTA study.” Schizophrenia research (2018).
    • Varanasi, Siva Karthik, et al. “Azacytidine treatment inhibits the progression of herpes stromal keratitis by enhancing regulatory T cell function.” Journal of virology 91.7 (2017): e02367-16.
  • Prevention
    • Abdool Karim, Salim S., et al. “Tenofovir gel for the prevention of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.” New England Journal of Medicine 373.6 (2015): 530-539.
    • Jeon, Young Hoon. “Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: practical consideration for prevention and treatment.” The Korean journal of pain 28.3 (2015): 177.
    • Marrazzo, Jeanne M., et al. “Tenofovir Gel for Prevention of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Acquisition: Findings From the VOICE Trial.” The Journal of infectious diseases (2019).
    • Chi, Ching‐Chi, et al. “Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips).” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8 (2015).
    • Colombel, Jean-Frédéric. “Herpes zoster in patients receiving JAK inhibitors for ulcerative colitis: mechanism, epidemiology, management, and prevention.” Inflammatory bowel diseases 24.10 (2018): 2173-2182.
  • Transmission
    • Oevermann, Lena, et al. “Transmission of chromosomally integrated human herpes virus-6A via haploidentical stem cell transplantation poses a risk for virus reactivation and associated complications.” Bone marrow transplantation (2019): 1.
    • Tronstein E, Johnston C, Huang ML, Selke S, Magaret A, Warren T, Corey L, Wald A. Genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with HSV-2 infection. JAMA. (2011).
    • Pandey, Utsav, et al. “Inferred father-to-son transmission of herpes simplex virus results in near-perfect preservation of viral genome identity and in vivo phenotypes.” Scientific reports 7.1 (2017): 13666.
    • Ceña-Diez, Rafael, et al. “Prevention of vaginal and rectal herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission in mice: Mechanism of antiviral action.” International journal of nanomedicine 11 (2016): 2147.
    • Ramchandani M, Selke S, Magaret A, Barnum G, Huang MW, Corey L, Wald A. Prospective cohort study showing persistent HSV-2 shedding in women with genital herpes 2 years after acquisition. Sex Transm Infect. (.2018).
    • Omori, Ryosuke, and Laith J. Abu-Raddad. “Sexual network drivers of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission.” AIDS (London, England) 31.12 (2017): 1721.
    • Aebi-Popp, Karoline, et al. “High prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-type 2 co-infection among HIV-positive women in Ukraine, but no increased HIV mother-to-child transmission risk.” BMC pregnancy and childbirth 16.1 (2016): 94.
HIV References
  • Symptoms
    • Earnshaw, Valerie A., et al. “HIV stigma and physical health symptoms: Do social support, adaptive coping, and/or identity centrality act as resilience resources?.” AIDS and Behavior 19.1 (2015): 41-49.
    • Lyon, Maureen E., et al. “Advance care planning and HIV symptoms in adolescence.” Pediatrics 142.5 (2018): e20173869.
    • Garey, Lorra, et al. “Anxiety, depression, and HIV symptoms among persons living with HIV/AIDS: the role of hazardous drinking.” AIDS care 27.1 (2015): 80-85.
    • Webel, Allison R., et al. “A cross-sectional relationship between social capital, self-compassion, and perceived HIV symptoms.” Journal of pain and symptom management 50.1 (2015): 59-68.
    • Braksmajer, Amy, et al. “Effects of Discrimination on HIV-Related Symptoms in Heterosexual Men of Color.” American journal of men’s health 12.6 (2018): 1855-1863.
  • Testing
    • World Health Organization. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. World Health Organization, 2016.
    • Arya, Monisha, et al. “The Promise of Patient-Centered Text Messages for Encouraging HIV Testing in an Underserved Population.” The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC 29.1 (2018): 101-106.
    • Greensides, Dawn R., et al. “Alternative HIV testing methods among populations at high risk for HIV infection.” Public health reports (2016).
    • Granich, Reuben M., et al. “Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model.” The Lancet 373.9657 (2009): 48-57.
    • Kalichman, Seth C., and Leickness C. Simbayi. “HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa.” Sexually transmitted infections 79.6 (2003): 442-447.
  • Treatment
    • Cihlar, Tomas, and Marshall Fordyce. “Current status and prospects of HIV treatment.” Current opinion in virology 18 (2016): 50-56.
    • Gonzalez, Jeffrey S., et al. “Depression and HIV/AIDS treatment nonadherence: a review and meta-analysis.” Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 58.2 (2011).
    • Callaghan, Mike, Nathan Ford, and Helen Schneider. “A systematic review of task-shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa.” Human resources for health 8.1 (2010): 8.
    • Benjamin, Laura A., et al. “HIV, antiretroviral treatment, hypertension, and stroke in Malawian adults: a case-control study.” Neurology 86.4 (2016): 324-333.
    • Levi, Jacob, et al. “Can the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target be achieved? A systematic analysis of national HIV treatment cascades.” BMJ global health 1.2 (2016): e000010.
  • Prevention
    • Cohen, Myron S., et al. “Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.” New England Journal of Medicine 375.9 (2016): 830-839.
    • World Health Organization. Policy brief: Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. No. WHO/HIV/2017.05. World Health Organization, 2017.
    • Baeten, Jared M., et al. “Use of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine for HIV-1 prevention in women.” New England Journal of Medicine 375.22 (2016): 2121-2132.
    • Fowler, Mary G., et al. “Benefits and risks of antiretroviral therapy for perinatal HIV prevention.” New England Journal of Medicine 375.18 (2016): 1726-1737.
    • World Health Organization. “Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations–2016 update.” (2016).
  • Transmission
    • Rodger, Alison J., et al. “Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy.” Jama 316.2 (2016): 171-181.
    • Landefeld, C. C., et al. “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Yaounde: Barrier to Care.” AIDS care 30.1 (2018): 116-120.
    • Zafer, Maryam, et al. “Effectiveness of semen washing to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and assist pregnancy in HIV-discordant couples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Fertility and sterility 105.3 (2016): 645-655.
    • Cohen, Myron S., et al. “Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.” New England Journal of Medicine 375.9 (2016): 830-839.
    • Poon, Art FY, et al. “Near real-time monitoring of HIV transmission hotspots from routine HIV genotyping: an implementation case study.” The lancet HIV 3.5 (2016): e231-e238.
HPV References
  • Symptoms
    • Carpén, Timo, et al. “Presenting symptoms and clinical findings in HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer patients.” Acta oto-laryngologica 138.5 (2018): 513-518.
    • Suzuki, Sadao, and Akihiro Hosono. “No association between HPV vaccine and reported post-vaccination symptoms in Japanese young women: results of the Nagoya study.” Papillomavirus Research 5 (2018): 96-103.
    • Nadarzynski, Tom, et al. “Perceptions of HPV and attitudes towards HPV vaccination amongst men who have sex with men: A qualitative analysis.” British journal of health psychology 22.2 (2017): 345-361.
    • Martínez-Lavín, Manuel, Laura-Aline Martínez-Martínez, and Paola Reyes-Loyola. “HPV vaccination syndrome. A questionnaire-based study.” Clinical rheumatology 34.11 (2015): 1981-1983.
    • León-Maldonado, Leith, et al. “Perceptions and experiences of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and testing among low-income Mexican women.” PloS one 11.5 (2016): e0153367.
  • Testing
    • Koliopoulos, George, et al. “Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8 (2017).
    • Ogilvie, Gina Suzanne, et al. “Effect of screening with primary cervical HPV testing vs cytology testing on high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia at 48 months: the HPV FOCAL randomized clinical trial.” Jama 320.1 (2018): 43-52.
    • Goodman, Annekathryn. “HPV testing as a screen for cervical cancer.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 350 (2015): h2372.
    • Kuhn, Louise, and Lynette Denny. “The time is now to implement HPV testing for primary screening in low resource settings.” Preventive medicine 98 (2017): 42-44.
    • Bishop, Justin A., et al. “HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: an update on testing in routine pathology practice.” Seminars in diagnostic pathology. Vol. 32. No. 5. WB Saunders, 2015.
  • Treatment
    • Quake, Stephen R., and Jianbin Wang. “Compositions and methods for cell targeted hpv treatment.” U.S. Patent Application No. 15/166,936.
    • Mirghani, H., et al. “Treatment de‐escalation in HPV‐positive oropharyngeal carcinoma: ongoing trials, critical issues and perspectives.” International journal of cancer 136.7 (2015): 1494-1503.
    • Wang, Marilene B., et al. “HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review of treatment and prognosis.” Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 153.5 (2015): 758-769.
    • Stich, Maximilian, et al. “5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) treatment downregulates the HPV E6 and E7 oncogene expression and blocks neoplastic growth of HPV-associated cancer cells.” Oncotarget 8.32 (2017): 52104.
    • Hildesheim, Allan, et al. “Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 vaccination on prevalent infections and rates of cervical lesions after excisional treatment.” American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 215.2 (2016): 212-e1.
  • Prevention
    • Grandahl, Maria, et al. “School-based intervention for the prevention of HPV among adolescents: a cluster randomised controlled study.” BMJ open 6.1 (2016): e009875.
    • Stanley, Margaret, and Mario Poljak. “Prospects for the new HPV Prevention and Control Board.” Papillomavirus Research 3 (2017): 97.
    • Bosch, F. Xavier, et al. “HPV-FASTER: broadening the scope for prevention of HPV-related cancer.” Nature reviews Clinical oncology 13.2 (2016): 119.
    • Dilley, Sarah E., et al. “Abstract C92: A diagnostic review of barriers to and opportunities for improving HPV vaccination in Alabama.” (2018): C92-C92.
    • Gervais, Frédéric, et al. “Systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses for combinations of prevention strategies against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: a general trend.” BMC public health 17.1 (2017): 283.
  • Transmission
    • Kero, Katja, and Jaana Rautava. “HPV infections in heterosexual couples: mechanisms and covariates of virus transmission.” Acta cytologica 63.2 (2019): 143-147.
    • Giuliano, Anna R., et al. “EUROGIN 2014 roadmap: Differences in HPV infection natural history, transmission, and HPV-related cancer incidence by gender and anatomic site of infection.” International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer 136.12 (2015): 2752.
    • Guenat, David, et al. “Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in HPV transmission and carcinogenesis.” Viruses 9.8 (2017): 211.
    • Zouridis, Andreas, et al. “Intrauterine HPV transmission: a systematic review of the literature.” Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 298.1 (2018): 35-44.
    • Louvanto, Karolina, et al. “Breast milk is a potential vehicle for human papillomavirus transmission to oral mucosa of the spouse.” The Pediatric infectious disease journal 36.7 (2017): 627-630.
HTLV References
  • Symptoms
    • Ireland, Georgina, et al. “Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) in England and Wales, 2004 to 2013: testing and diagnoses.” Eurosurveillance 22.21 (2017).
    • Orge, Glória O., et al. “Psychiatric disorders in HTLV-1-infected individuals with bladder symptoms.” PloS one 10.5 (2015): e0128103.
    • Neijenhuis, Myrte K., et al. “Impact of liver volume on polycystic liver disease-related symptoms and quality of life.” United European gastroenterology journal 6.1 (2018): 81-88.
    • da Silva Dias, George Alberto, et al. “Correlation between clinical symptoms and peripheral immune response in HAM/TSP.” Microbial pathogenesis 92 (2016): 72-75.
    • Terada, Yukiko, et al. “Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with biologics may exacerbate HTLV-1-associated conditions: A case report.” Medicine 96.6 (2017).
  • Testing
    • Miller, Liane. “Profile of the MP Diagnostics HTLV Blot 2.4 test: a supplemental assay for the confirmation and differentiation of antibodies to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.” Expert review of molecular diagnostics 16.2 (2016): 135-145.
    • Styles, Clare E., et al. “Reconsideration of blood donation testing strategy for human T‐cell lymphotropic virus in Australia.” Vox sanguinis 112.8 (2017): 723-732.
    • Hohn, Oliver, et al. “No significant HTLV seroprevalence in German people who inject drugs.” PloS one 12.8 (2017): e0183496.
    • Gotuzzo, Eduardo, et al. “A-107 A general description of the HTLV-1 Cohort at the Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt (1989–2015).” JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 81 (2019): 34.
    • O’brien, Sheila F., et al. “Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus: A simulation model to estimate residual risk with universal leucoreduction and testing strategies in Canada.” Vox sanguinis 113.8 (2018): 750-759.
  • Treatment
    • Yamanaka, S., et al. “Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma complicated by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy after treatment with the anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab.” [Rinsho ketsueki] The Japanese journal of clinical hematology 58.4 (2017): 309-314.
    • Futsch, Nicolas, Renaud Mahieux, and Hélène Dutartre. “HTLV-1, the other pathogenic yet neglected human retrovirus: from transmission to therapeutic treatment.” Viruses 10.1 (2017): 1.
    • Iliceto, Alessandro, and Bridget Bagert. “Successful Treatment of HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy with Chronic Immunosuppression (P2. 310).” (2017): P2-310.
    • Lebrette, Marie-Gisèle, and Corinne Amiel. “Current issues about VIH and HTLV-1 infection and their treatment.” Médecine de la Reproduction 20.2 (2018): 95-103.
    • Saito, Mineki, et al. “The CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 1, upregulated by the viral transactivator Tax, can be downregulated by minocycline: possible implications for long-term treatment of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.” Virology journal 14.1 (2017): 234.
  • Prevention
    • Miura, Kiyonori, and Hideaki Masuzaki. “Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Mother-to-Child Transmission.” Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Springer, Tokyo, 2017. 157-169.
    • Gruber, Karl. “Australia tackles HTLV-1.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 18.10 (2018): 1073-1074.
    • Bangham, Charles. “Abstract SY23-03: How does HTLV-1 cause leukemia.” (2017): SY23-03.
    • Matsuoka, M., et al. “Reducing the global burden of HTLV-1 infection: An agenda for research and action.” (2017).
    • Gallo, Robert C., Luc Willems, and Hideki Hasegawa. “Screening transplant donors for HTLV-1 and-2.” Blood 128.26 (2016): 3029-3031.
  • Transmission
    • Percher, Florent, et al. “Mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 epidemiological aspects, mechanisms and determinants of mother-to-child transmission.” Viruses 8.2 (2016): 40.
    • Gross, Christine, and Andrea Thoma-Kress. “Molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission.” Viruses 8.3 (2016): 74.
    • Ribeiro, Ivonizete Pires, et al. “HTLV‐1 and‐2 in a first‐time blood donor population in Northeastern Brazil: Prevalence, molecular characterization, and evidence of intrafamilial transmission.” Journal of Medical Virology 90.10 (2018): 1651-1657.
    • Prendergast, Andrew J., et al. “Transmission of CMV, HTLV-1, and HIV through breastmilk.” The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 3.4 (2019): 264-273.
    • Futsch, Nicolas, Renaud Mahieux, and Hélène Dutartre. “HTLV-1, the other pathogenic yet neglected human retrovirus: from transmission to therapeutic treatment.” Viruses 10.1 (2017): 1.
Intestinal Parasites References
  • Symptoms
    • Kiani, Hamed, et al. “Prevalence, risk factors and symptoms associated to intestinal parasite infections among patients with gastrointestinal disorders in Nahavand, Western Iran.” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 58 (2016).
    • Krogsgaard, Laura Rindom, et al. “The prevalence of intestinal parasites is not greater among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based case-control study.” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13.3 (2015): 507-513.
    • Omrani, V. Fallah, et al. “Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and associated clinical symptoms among patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis.” Infection 43.5 (2015): 537-544.
    • Ramírez, Juan David, et al. “Blastocystis subtyping and its association with intestinal parasites in children from different geographical regions of Colombia.” PloS one 12.2 (2017): e0172586.
    • Babaei, Zahra, et al. “Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis.” Microbes and infection 18.11 (2016): 687-695.
  • Testing
    • Lifson, Alan R., et al. “Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, and intestinal parasitic infections among refugees to Minnesota.” Public health reports (2016).
    • McKenna, Megan L., et al. “Human intestinal parasite burden and poor sanitation in rural Alabama.” The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 97.5 (2017): 1623-1628.
    • Balarak, Davoud, et al. “Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among food handlers in northwest Iran.” Journal of parasitology research 2016 (2016).
    • Meurs, Lynn, et al. “Diagnosing polyparasitism in a high-prevalence setting in Beira, Mozambique: detection of intestinal parasites in fecal samples by microscopy and real-time PCR.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 11.1 (2017): e0005310.
    • Llewellyn, Stacey, et al. “Application of a multiplex quantitative PCR to assess prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasite infections in a controlled clinical trial.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 10.1 (2016): e0004380.
  • Treatment
    • Speich, Benjamin, et al. “Effect of sanitation and water treatment on intestinal protozoa infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16.1 (2016): 87-99.
    • Pillai, Raja R., et al. “Lysine requirements of moderately undernourished school-aged Indian children are reduced by treatment for intestinal parasites as measured by the indicator amino acid oxidation technique.” The Journal of nutrition 145.5 (2015): 954-959.
    • Maskery, Brian, et al. “Economic analysis of the impact of overseas and domestic treatment and screening options for intestinal helminth infection among US-bound refugees from Asia.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 10.8 (2016): e0004910.
    • Lei, Weiwei, et al. “Activation of intestinal tuft cell-expressed Sucnr1 triggers type 2 immunity in the mouse small intestine.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.21 (2018): 5552-5557.
    • Mahmud, Mahmud Abdulkader, et al. “Efficacy of handwashing with soap and nail clipping on intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children: a factorial cluster randomized controlled trial.” PLoS medicine 12.6 (2015): e1001837.
  • Prevention
    • Rivero, Maria Romina, et al. “Prevention of intestinal parasites in a tri‐border area of Latin America: Children perceptions and an integral health education strategy.” Zoonoses and public health 64.8 (2017): 673-683.
    • Rajeswari, B., B. Sinniah, and Hasnah Hussein. “Socio-economic factors associated with intestinal parasites among children living in Gombak, Malaysia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health (2016).
    • Brewer, Matthew T., and John H. Greve. “Internal parasites: helminths.” Diseases of swine (2019): 1028-1040.
    • Patwardhan, Vrushali, Dinesh Kumar, and Sarman Singh. “Parasitic Infections in Pediatric Population of India: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention.” Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 12.04 (2017): 228-237.
    • Sharif, Mehdi, et al. “Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers of Sari, Northern Iran.” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57.2 (2015): 139-144.
  • Transmission
    • Sahimin, Norhidayu, et al. “Migrant workers in Malaysia: current implications of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics in the transmission of intestinal parasitic infections.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 10.11 (2016): e0005110.
    • Ramírez, Juan David, et al. “Blastocystis subtyping and its association with intestinal parasites in children from different geographical regions of Colombia.” PloS one 12.2 (2017): e0172586.
    • Diakou, Anastasia, et al. “Intestinal parasites and vector-borne pathogens in stray and free-roaming cats living in continental and insular Greece.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 11.1 (2017): e0005335.
    • Sharif, Mehdi, et al. “Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers of Sari, Northern Iran.” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57.2 (2015): 139-144.
    • Meurs, Lynn, et al. “Diagnosing polyparasitism in a high-prevalence setting in Beira, Mozambique: detection of intestinal parasites in fecal samples by microscopy and real-time PCR.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 11.1 (2017): e0005310.
LGV References
  • Symptoms
    • Charest, Louise, Judith Fafard, and Zoë R. Greenwald. “Asymptomatic urethral lymphogranuloma venereum: a case report.” International journal of STD & AIDS 29.8 (2018): 828-830.
    • Diaz, Asuncion, Marta Ruiz-Algueró, and Victoria Hernando. “Lymphogranuloma venereum in Spain, 2005–2015: A literature review.” Medicina Clínica (English Edition) (2018).
    • O’Byrne, Patrick, et al. “Approach to lymphogranuloma venereum.” Canadian Family Physician 62.7 (2016): 554-558.
    • Belda, Walter. “Sexually transmitted diseases.” Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham, 2018. 139-156.
    • Sullivan, Brian, et al. “Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) proctocolitis mimicking rectal lymphoma.” Radiology case reports 13.6 (2018): 1119-1122.
  • Testing
    • Maxwell, Alexandra Z., Penelope R. Cliff, and John A. White. “O12 LGV testing: are we identifying all cases in a timely manner?.” Sex Transm Infect 93.Suppl 1 (2017): A4-A5.
    • Were, John, et al. “P219 Responding to the LGV epidemic: are the right patients being tested for LGV?.” (2016): A93-A93.
    • Maxwell, Alexandra, Penelope Cliff, and John White. “O12 LGV testing.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 93.Suppl_1 (2017).
    • Griffiths, Tristan, and Nneka Nwokolo. “O002 Rates of asymptomatic lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in men who have sex with men (MSM).” (2016): A1-A1.
    • Herrmann, Björn, et al. “P3. 27 Lymphogranuloma venereum in sweden 2004–2016: increased rates among hiv-negative men who have sex with men and changed genotypes.” (2017): A103-A103.
  • Treatment
    • Simons, Rebecca, et al. “Observed treatment responses to short-course doxycycline therapy for rectal lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.6 (2018): 406-408.
    • Stoner, Bradley P., and Stephanie E. Cohen. “Lymphogranuloma venereum 2015: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S865-S873.
    • Fauzi, Mohd, Sameena Ahmad, and Cara Saxon. “P135 A review of local test of cure (TOC) practice following treatment for rectal chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum.” Sex Transm Infect 93.Suppl 1 (2017): A61-A61.
    • Leeyaphan, Charussri, et al. “Treatment outcomes for rectal lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men using doxycycline, azithromycin, or both: a review of clinical cases.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.4 (2017): 245-248.
    • Donachie, Alastair, et al. “Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in men who have sex with men (MSM): a re-emerging problem, Malta, 2018.” Eurosurveillance 23.43 (2018).
  • Prevention
    • Reyes-Urueña, J. M., et al. “Lymphogranuloma venereum in Barcelona, 2007–2012: the role of seroadaptation in men who have sex with men.” Epidemiology & Infection 143.1 (2015): 184-188.
    • Caumes, Eric. “Letter to the editor: Prevention of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) in France: why not recommend using condoms and safer sex?.” Eurosurveillance 24.12 (2019): 1900171.
    • Donachie, Alastair, et al. “Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in men who have sex with men (MSM): a re-emerging problem, Malta, 2018.” Eurosurveillance 23.43 (2018).
    • Brook, Gary, et al. “2017 European guideline for the screening, prevention and initial management of hepatitis B and C infections in sexual health settings.” International journal of STD & AIDS 29.10 (2018): 949-967.
    • Mungati, M., et al. “P09. 23 High prevalence of hiv infection among patients with sti syndromes in zimbabwe: implications for prevention.” (2015): A156-A157.
  • Transmission
    • de Vries, Henry John C. “The Enigma of Lymphogranuloma Venereum Spread in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Does Ano-Oral Transmission Plays a Role?.” (2016): 420-422.
    • Boutin, C. A., et al. “LGV in Quebec.” CCDR 44 (2018): 2.
    • Templeton, David J., et al. “Enhanced surveillance of a lymphogranuloma venereum outbreak in Sydney 2010–2012.” Australian and New Zealand journal of public health 40.4 (2016): 368-370.
    • de Vries, Henry JC. “Lymphoganuloma venereum in the Western world, 15 years after its re-emergence: new perspectives and research priorities.” Current opinion in infectious diseases 32.1 (2019): 43-50.
    • Touati, Arabella, et al. “Did L Strains Responsible for Lymphogranuloma Venereum Proctitis Spread Among People With Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in France in 2013?.” Sexually transmitted diseases 43.6 (2016): 374-376.
Molluscum References
  • Symptoms
    • Kawada, Tomoyuki. “Molluscum contagiosum and associations with atopic eczema in children: a retrospective longitudinal study in primary care.” (2019).
    • Loh, Tiffany Y., et al. “Molluscum Contagiosum of the Nipple-Areola Complex.” Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction. Springer, Cham, 2018. 145-151.
    • Fonocho, Ernest, Richard Murray, and Nail Aydin. “Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with molluscum-like lesions, diffuse lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly in an immunocompetent patient.” International medical case reports journal 10 (2017): 251.
    • Chikazawa, Sakiko, et al. “Widespread Molluscum Contagiosum with Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Manifestations.” Acta dermato-venereologica 97.2 (2017): 291-292.
    • DiBiagio, Jennifer R., Tia Pyle, and Justin J. Green. “Reviewing the use of imiquimod for molluscum contagiosum.” Dermatology online journal 24.6 (2018).
  • Testing
    • Kaufman, William S., Christine S. Ahn, and William W. Huang. “Molluscum contagiosum in immunocompromised patients: AIDS presenting as molluscum contagiosum in a patient with psoriasis on biologic therapy.” Cutis 101.2 (2018): 136-140.
    • Trčko, Katarina, et al. “Clinical, histopathological, and virological evaluation of 203 patients with a clinical diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum.” Open forum infectious diseases. Vol. 5. No. 11. US: Oxford University Press, 2018.
    • Sorte, Hanne S., et al. “A potential founder variant in CARMIL2/RLTPR in three Norwegian families with warts, molluscum contagiosum, and T‐cell dysfunction.” Molecular genetics & genomic medicine 4.6 (2016): 604-616.
    • Mendez-Rios, Jorge D., et al. “Molluscum contagiosum virus transcriptome in abortively infected cultured cells and a human skin lesion.” Journal of virology 90.9 (2016): 4469-4480.
    • Uzuncakmak, Tugba K., et al. “Isolated giant molluscum contagiosum mimicking epidermoid cyst.” Dermatology practical & conceptual 6.3 (2016): 71.
  • Treatment
    • Guzman, Anthony K., et al. “Safety and efficacy of topical cantharidin for the treatment of pediatric molluscum contagiosum: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot trial.” International journal of dermatology 57.8 (2018): 1001-1006.
    • Vakharia, Paras P., et al. “Efficacy and safety of topical cantharidin treatment for molluscum contagiosum and warts: a systematic review.” American journal of clinical dermatology 19.6 (2018): 791-803.
    • Harel, Avikam, et al. “To Treat Molluscum Contagiosum or Not—Curettage: An Effective, Well‐Accepted Treatment Modality.” Pediatric dermatology 33.6 (2016): 640-645.
    • Giner-Soriano, Maria, et al. “Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial on efficacy and safety of topical 10% Potassium hydroxide for molluscum contagiosum treatment in children.” Journal of Dermatological Treatment (2019): 1-7.
    • Haque, Malika, and Daniel L. Coury. “Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with an East Indian sandalwood oil product.” Journal of Dermatological Treatment 29.5 (2018): 531-533.
  • Prevention
    • Hodges, Ashley L., and Aimee C. Holland. “Prevention and Treatment of Injuries and Infections Related to Pubic Hair Removal.” Nursing for women’s health 21.4 (2017): 313-317.
    • Allen, H. B., R. M. Allawh, and S. Ballal. “Virally-Induced, Intracellular Biofilms; Novel Findings in Molluscum Contagiosum.” Clin Microbiol 6.302 (2017): 2.
    • Scott, Christopher M., Ronald R. Lubritz, and Gloria F. Graham. “Prevention and management of complications.” Dermatological Cryosurgery and Cryotherapy. Springer, London, 2016. 235-240.
    • Damevska, Katerina, and Arben Emurlai. “molluscum Contagiosum in a Patient with Atopic Dermatitis.” New England Journal of Medicine 377.21 (2017): e30.
    • Hall, Anthony. “Molluscum Contagiosum.” Atlas of Male Genital Dermatology. Springer, Cham, 2019. 91-92.
  • Transmission
    • Neri, Iria, et al. “Congenital molluscum contagiosum.” Paediatrics & child health 22.5 (2017): 241.
    • Zhuang, Kaiwen, et al. “Atypical infantile genital Molluscum contagiosum.” Anais brasileiros de dermatologia 90.3 (2015): 403-405.
    • Nunns, David, and Rosalind Simpson. “Molluscum Contagiosum.” Vulvar Disease. Springer, Cham, 2019. 105-106.
    • Bhengra, Masuma P., et al. “HAART–The best treatment modality for widespread and disfigured giant molluscum contagiosum.” Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatology 25.4 (2016): 314-318.
    • Ruby, Kristen N., Ann E. Perry, and Konstantinos Linos. “Expanding the Morphologic Heterogeneity of Stromal Changes in Molluscum Contagiosum Infection.” The American Journal of Dermatopathology 40.12 (2018): 941-943.
Mononucleosis References
  • Symptoms
    • Endriz, John, Peggy P. Ho, and Lawrence Steinman. “Time correlation between mononucleosis and initial symptoms of MS.” Neurology-Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 4.3 (2017): e308.
    • Sforza, Emilia, David Hupin, and Frederic Roche. “Mononucleosis: a possible cause of idiopathic hypersomnia.” Frontiers in neurology 9 (2018).
    • Katz, Ben Z., et al. “A Validated Scale for Assessing the Severity of Acute Infectious Mononucleosis.” The Journal of pediatrics (2019).
    • Katz, Ben Z., et al. “A Validated Scale for Assessing the Severity of Acute Infectious Mononucleosis.” The Journal of pediatrics (2019).
    • Heo, Dae‐Hyuk, et al. “Splenic infarction associated with acute infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus infection.” Journal of medical virology 89.2 (2017): 332-336.
  • Testing
    • Womack, Jason, and Marissa Jimenez. “Common questions about infectious mononucleosis.” American family physician 91.6 (2015).
    • Bhaskaran, Praveena Nediyara, et al. “Multiple Pulmonary Nodules in an Immunocompetent Adolescent with Infectious Mononucleosis.” Indian pediatrics 55.2 (2018): 161-162.
    • Huang, Yu, et al. “The early diagnostic value of EBV-DNA load in plasma and PBMC for children′ s primary infectious mononucleosis.” Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine 40.6 (2017): 443-446.
    • Ónodi-Nagy, Katinka, et al. “Amoxicillin rash in patients with infectious mononucleosis: evidence of true drug sensitization.” Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 11.1 (2015): 1.
    • Carroll, Christine, Simon Sarkisian, and Daniel Brillhart. “An Unusual Presentation of Murine Typhus and Mononucleosis.” Military medicine 183.11-12 (2018): e756-e757.
  • Treatment
    • Sullivan, John L. “Clinical manifestations and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection.” Доступно по URL http://www. uptodate. com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-treatment-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection (2016).
    • Chen, Jun, et al. “Analysis on curative effect of the combined therapy of ReDuNing injection and acyclovir on children with infectious mononucleosis.” The Journal of Practical Medicine 33.18 (2017): 3103-3107.
    • Lyu, H. T., et al. “Clinical effect of pidotimod oral liquid as adjuvant therapy for infectious mononucleosis.” Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi= Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 20.7 (2018): 563-566.
    • Naviglio, Samuele, et al. “Splenic infarction in acute infectious mononucleosis.” The Journal of emergency medicine 50.1 (2016): e11-e13.
    • Cui, Qianghua, et al. “Influence of Epstein-Barr virus infection on T cell subset in children with infectious mononucleosis.” Chongqing Medicine 46.25 (2017): 3491-3493.
  • Prevention
    • Ghosh, Jagabandhu, Dipankar Gupta, and Nibedita Chattopadhyay. “Routine or Selective Immunization against Infectious Mononucleosis: Which One Is Necessary?.” Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 12.02 (2017): 136-137.
    • Johannsen, Eric C., and Kenneth M. Kaye. “Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus–associated malignant diseases, and other diseases).” Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Content Repository Only!, 2015. 1754-1771.
    • Jia, Y. U., and Lihong Ren. “Research progress of infectious mononucleosis.” Chinese Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine 39.5 (2016): 475-478.
    • Mule, Prashant. “Heterophile Antibody Positive Infectious Mononucleosis by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-A Short Review.” Acta Scientific Microbiology 1 (2018): 44-49.
    • Katz, Ben Z., et al. “A Validated Scale for Assessing the Severity of Acute Infectious Mononucleosis.” The Journal of pediatrics (2019).
  • Transmission
    • Mule, Prashant. “Heterophile Antibody Positive Infectious Mononucleosis by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-A Short Review.” Acta Scientific Microbiology 1 (2018): 44-49.
    • Lampejo, Temi, et al. “Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis: important causes of febrile illness in returned travellers.” Travel medicine and infectious disease 19 (2017): 28-32.
    • Bing, H. U., and Gang Liu. “Study progress of listeria mononucleosis in children.” Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics 31.10 (2016): 729-732.
    • Grose, Charles, and Donald C. Johanson. “Transmission of Cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr Virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: From the Lucy Australopithecus Epoch to Modern-Day Netherlands.” The Journal of pediatrics 170 (2016): 9-10.
    • Kessenich, Cathy R., and Megan Flanagan. “Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.” The Nurse Practitioner 40.8 (2015): 13-16.
Mycoplasma Genitalium References
  • Symptoms
    • Lis, Rebecca, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, and Lisa E. Manhart. “Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.3 (2015): 418-426.
    • Horner, Patrick J., and David H. Martin. “Mycoplasma genitalium infection in men.” The Journal of infectious diseases 216.suppl_2 (2017): S396-S405.
    • Slifirski, Josephine B., et al. “Mycoplasma genitalium infection in adults reporting sexual contact with infected partners, Australia, 2008–2016.” Emerging infectious diseases 23.11 (2017): 1826.
    • Ona, Samsiya, Rose L. Molina, and Khady Diouf. “Mycoplasma genitalium: an overlooked sexually transmitted pathogen in women?.” Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology 2016 (2016).
    • Ison, Catherine A., et al. “Highlighting the clinical need for diagnosing Mycoplasma genitalium infection.” International journal of STD & AIDS 29.7 (2018): 680-686.
  • Testing
    • Björnelius, Eva, Charlotta Magnusson, and Jørgen Skov Jensen. “Mycoplasma genitalium macrolide resistance in Stockholm, Sweden.” Sex Transm Infect 93.3 (2017): 167-168.
    • Unemo, Magnus, and Jorgen S. Jensen. “Antimicrobial-resistant sexually transmitted infections: gonorrhoea and Mycoplasma genitalium.” Nature Reviews Urology 14.3 (2017): 139.
    • Jensen, Jørgen Skov, and Catriona Bradshaw. “Management of Mycoplasma genitalium infections–can we hit a moving target?.” BMC infectious diseases 15.1 (2015): 343.
    • Romano, Sarah S., et al. “Long Duration of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium Infection After Syndromic Treatment for Nongonococcal Urethritis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases (2018).
    • Getman, Damon, et al. “Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, coinfection, and macrolide antibiotic resistance frequency in a multicenter clinical study cohort in the United States.” Journal of clinical microbiology 54.9 (2016): 2278-2283.
  • Treatment
    • Bradshaw, Catriona S., Jorgen S. Jensen, and Ken B. Waites. “New horizons in Mycoplasma genitalium treatment.” The Journal of infectious diseases 216.suppl_2 (2017): S412-S419.
    • Read, Tim RH, et al. “Outcomes of resistance-guided sequential treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a prospective evaluation.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 68.4 (2018): 554-560.
    • Gesink, Dionne, et al. “Mycoplasma genitalium in Toronto, Ont: estimates of prevalence and macrolide resistance.” Canadian Family Physician 62.2 (2016): e96-e101.
    • Gaydos, Charlotte A. “Mycoplasma genitalium: accurate diagnosis is necessary for adequate treatment.” The Journal of infectious diseases 216.suppl_2 (2017): S406-S411.
    • Guschin, Alexander, et al. “Treatment efficacy, treatment failures and selection of macrolide resistance in patients with high load of Mycoplasma genitalium during treatment of male urethritis with josamycin.” BMC infectious diseases 15.1 (2015): 40.
  • Prevention
    • Golden, Matthew R., Kimberly A. Workowski, and Gail Bolan. “Developing a public health response to Mycoplasma genitalium.” The Journal of infectious diseases 216.suppl_2 (2017): S420-S426.
    • Balkus, J. E., et al. “3: Detection of macrolide resistance-mediating mutations among women with mycoplasma genitalium infection in the preventing vaginal infections trial.” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 215.6 (2016): S828.
    • Workowski, Kimberly A. “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S759-S762.
    • Read, Tim RH, et al. “Use of pristinamycin for macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium infection.” Emerging infectious diseases 24.2 (2018): 328.
    • Dirks, J. A. M. C., et al. “P3. 100 High mycoplasma genitalium prevalence in chlamydia trachomatis positive patients.” (2017): A130-A130.
  • Transmission
    • Unemo, Magnus, and Jorgen S. Jensen. “Antimicrobial-resistant sexually transmitted infections: gonorrhoea and Mycoplasma genitalium.” Nature Reviews Urology 14.3 (2017): 139.
    • Jensen, Jørgen Skov, et al. “2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 30.10 (2016): 1650-1656.
    • Lillis, Rebecca A., David H. Martin, and M. Jacques Nsuami. “Mycoplasma genitalium Infections in Women Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in New Orleans.” Clinical Infectious Diseases (2018).
    • Pereyre, Sabine, et al. “Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis in France: a point prevalence study in people screened for sexually transmitted diseases.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23.2 (2017): 122-e1.
    • Edouard, Sophie, et al. “Mycoplasma genitalium, an agent of reemerging sexually transmitted infections.” Apmis 125.10 (2017): 916-920.
NGU References
  • Symptoms
    • Frølund, Maria, et al. “Urethritis-associated pathogens in urine from men with non-gonococcal urethritis: a case-control study.” Acta dermato-venereologica 96.5 (2016): 689-695.
    • Read, Tim RH, et al. “Symptoms, Sites, and Significance of Mycoplasma genitalium in Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Emerging infectious diseases 25.4 (2019): 719-727.
    • Ng, Andrea, and Jonathan DC Ross. “Trichomonas vaginalis infection: How significant is it in men presenting with recurrent or persistent symptoms of urethritis?.” International journal of STD & AIDS 27.1 (2016): 63-65.
    • Jordan, Stephen J., et al. “Defining the Urethritis Syndrome in Men Using Patient Reported Symptoms.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.7 (2018): e40-e42.
    • Horie, Kengo, et al. “‘Haemophilus quentini’in the urethra of men complaining of urethritis symptoms.” Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 24.1 (2018): 71-74.
  • Testing
    • Horner, P., et al. “Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis.” (2018).
    • Abbott, Collette E., et al. “A case of rectal ureaplasma infection and implications for testing in young men who have sex with men: the P18 cohort study.” LGBT health 4.2 (2017): 161-163.
    • Trembizki, Ella, et al. “Opportunities and pitfalls of molecular testing for detecting sexually transmitted pathogens.” Pathology 47.3 (2015): 219-226.
    • Davies, Nicola. “Mycoplasma genitalium: the need for testing and emerging diagnostic options.” MLO Med Lab Obs 47.12 (2015): 8.
    • Zhang, Zhanguo, et al. “NGU: Development of a two‐bed circulating fluidized bed reactor system for nonoxidative aromatization of methane over Mo/HZSM‐5 catalyst.” Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 35.2 (2016): 325-333.
  • Treatment
    • Bachmann, Laura H., et al. “Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S763-S769.
    • Couldwell, Deborah L., and David A. Lewis. “Mycoplasma genitalium infection: current treatment options, therapeutic failure, and resistance-associated mutations.” Infection and drug resistance 8 (2015): 147.
    • Romano, Sarah S., et al. “Long Duration of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium Infection After Syndromic Treatment for Nongonococcal Urethritis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases (2018).
    • Kissinger, Patricia, et al. “Azithromycin treatment failure for Chlamydia trachomatis among heterosexual men with nongonococcal urethritis.” Sexually transmitted diseases 43.10 (2016): 599.
    • Tabrizi, Sepehr N. “Mycoplasma genitalium: update on diagnosis, treatment and resistance.” Pathology 47 (2015): S50.
  • Prevention
    • Workowski, Kimberly A. “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S759-S762.
    • Hogben, Matthew, et al. “Partner services in STD prevention programs: a review.” Sexually transmitted diseases 43.0 0 1 (2016): S53.
    • Ong, Jason J., et al. “Should female partners of men with non-gonococcal urethritis, negative for Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, be informed and treated? Clinical outcomes from a partner study of heterosexual men with NGU.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.2 (2017): 126-130.
    • Territo, Heather, and John V. Ashurst. “Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU).” StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2018.
    • Ekiel, Alicja, et al. “Prevalence of Urogenital Mycoplasmas Among Men with NGU in Upper Silesia, Poland. Preliminary Study.” Polish journal of microbiology 65.1 (2016): 93-95.
  • Transmission
    • Saxena, Ajit, Reetika Dawar, and Upasana Bora. “Haemophilus parainfluenzae urethritis through orogenital transmission.” Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS 39.2 (2018): 127.
    • Ong, Jason J., et al. “Should female partners of men with non-gonococcal urethritis, negative for Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, be informed and treated? Clinical outcomes from a partner study of heterosexual men with NGU.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.2 (2017): 126-130.
    • Workowski, Kimberly A. “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S759-S762.
    • Hogben, Matthew, et al. “Partner services in STD prevention programs: a review.” Sexually transmitted diseases 43.0 0 1 (2016): S53.
    • Read, Tim RH, et al. “Symptoms, Sites, and Significance of Mycoplasma genitalium in Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Emerging infectious diseases 25.4 (2019): 719-727.
PID References
  • Symptoms
    • Esser, M. M., R. Nortje, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
    • Nortje, R., M. M. Esser, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
    • Matsuyama, Reiko, Akira Tsuchiya, and Osamu Nishii. “Predictive factors for emergent surgical intervention in patients with ovarian endometrioma hospitalized for pelvic inflammatory disease: A retrospective observational study.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 44.2 (2018): 286-291.
    • Martínez-Moreno, Francisco, Gilberto Figueiredo, and E. Lorenzo. “In-the-field PID related experiences.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 174 (2018): 485-493.
    • Latimer, Rosie L., et al. “Clinical Features and Therapeutic Response in Women Meeting Criteria for Presumptive Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Associated With Mycoplasma genitalium.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.2 (2019): 73-79.
  • Testing
    • Hacke, Peter, and Steve Johnston. “All About PID-Testing and Avoidance in the Field.” Photovoltaics International 33.NREL/JA-5J00-66799 (2016).
    • Sakurai, Keiichiro, et al. “Accelerated Outdoor PID Testing of CIGS Modules and Comparison with Indoor PID Tests.” 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC)(A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC). IEEE, 2018.
    • Gou, Xianfang, et al. “PID testing method suitable for process control of solar cells mass production.” International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015).
    • Berghold, J., et al. “PID: from material properties to outdoor performance and quality control counter measures.” Reliability of Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, Components, and Systems VIII. Vol. 9563. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2015.
    • Koentopp, Max B., Marcel Kröber, and Christian Taubitz. “Toward a PID test standard: understanding and modeling of laboratory tests and field progression.” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6.1 (2016): 252-257.
  • Treatment
    • Dean, Gillian, et al. “O031 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Mycoplasma genitalium and macrolide resistance in England.” (2016): A12-A12.
    • Dean, Gillian, et al. “O006 Is a short course of azithromycin effective in the treatment of mild to moderate Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?.” (2016): A3-A3.
    • Latimer, Rosie L., et al. “Clinical Features and Therapeutic Response in Women Meeting Criteria for Presumptive Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Associated With Mycoplasma genitalium.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.2 (2019): 73-79.
    • Solomon, Michelle, et al. “Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Pediatric Emergency Department: Epidemiology and Treatment.” Pediatric emergency care (2017).
    • Buchanan, Cara, et al. “24. Parental Notification following Diagnosis of PID in Urban Adolescent Young Adults.” Journal of Adolescent Health 56.2 (2015): S13.
  • Prevention
    • Das, Breanne B., Jocelyn Ronda, and Maria Trent. “Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and treatment.” Infection and drug resistance 9 (2016): 191.
    • Esser, M. M., R. Nortje, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
    • Nortje, R., M. M. Esser, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
    • Oh, Jaewon, et al. “Application of flexible glass to prevent PID in PV modules.” 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2015.
    • Low, N., et al. “P08. 21 Sex and pelvic inflammatory disease: what’s the relationship? case-control study.” (2015): A140-A140.
  • Transmission
    • Brunham, Robert C., Sami L. Gottlieb, and Jorma Paavonen. “Pelvic inflammatory disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 372.21 (2015): 2039-2048.
    • Butz, Arlene M., et al. “Care-seeking behavior after notification among young women with recurrent sexually transmitted infections after pelvic inflammatory disease.” Clinical pediatrics 55.12 (2016): 1107-1112.
    • Ross, Jonathan, et al. “2017 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease.” International journal of STD & AIDS 29.2 (2018): 108-114.
    • Haggerty, Catherine L., et al. “Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.” Sex Transm Infect 92.6 (2016): 441-446.
    • Chen, Justin Z., et al. “Gonococcal and Chlamydial Cases of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease at 2 Canadian Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics, 2004 to 2014: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Review.” (2018): 280-282.
Pubic Lice References
  • Symptoms
    • Osterberg, E. Charles, et al. “Correlation between pubic hair grooming and STIs: results from a nationally representative probability sample.” Sex Transm Infect 93.3 (2017): 162-166.
    • Gloster, Hugh Morris, Lauren E. Gebauer, and Rachel L. Mistur. “Lice.” Absolute Dermatology Review. Springer, Cham, 2016. 293-294.
    • Durden, Lance A. “Lice (Phthiraptera).” Medical and veterinary entomology. Academic Press, 2019. 79-106.
    • Sonthalia, Sidharth, Sangeeta Varma, and Abhijeet K. Jha. “Dermoscopy of pubic louse.” Indian dermatology online journal 10.1 (2019): 90.
    • Bragg, Bradley N., and Leslie V. Simon. “Pediculosis Humanis (Lice, Capitis, Pubis).” StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2018.
  • Testing
    • Mana, Nassima, et al. “Human head lice and pubic lice reveal the presence of several Acinetobacter species in Algiers, Algeria.” Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 53 (2017): 33-39.
    • Sonthalia, Sidharth, Sangeeta Varma, and Abhijeet K. Jha. “Dermoscopy of pubic louse.” Indian dermatology online journal 10.1 (2019): 90.
    • Standard, I. P. C. “SCABIES AND HUMAN LICE POLICY.” (2018).
    • Australia, Healthdirect. “Screening tests for STIs.” (2019).
    • Ly, Tran Duc Anh, et al. “The presence of Acinetobacter baumannii DNA on the skin of homeless people and its relationship with body lice infestation. Preliminary results.” Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 9 (2019): 86.
  • Treatment
    • Gunning, Karen, Bernadette Kiraly, and Karly Pippitt. “Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update.” American Family Physician 99.10 (2019).
    • Monsel, Gentiane, and Olivier Chosidow. “24 Scabies, lice, and myiasis.” Clinical Infectious Disease (2015): 162.
    • Shakya, M., A. K. Jayraw, and M. Singh. “Pubic lice infestation in man from Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.” Journal of parasitic diseases 42.3 (2018): 402-404.
    • Spring, Nicholas, and Garry T. Gwozdz. “Topical Avermectin Formulations and Methods For Elimination and Prophylaxis of Susceptible and Treatment Resistant Strains of Head Lice.” U.S. Patent Application No. 15/968,364.
    • Hodges, Ashley L., and Aimee C. Holland. “Prevention and Treatment of Injuries and Infections Related to Pubic Hair Removal.” Nursing for women’s health 21.4 (2017): 313-317.
  • Prevention
    • Durden, Lance A. “Lice (Phthiraptera).” Medical and veterinary entomology. Academic Press, 2019. 79-106.
    • Gunning, Karen, Bernadette Kiraly, and Karly Pippitt. “Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update.” American Family Physician 99.10 (2019).
    • Hodges, Ashley L., and Aimee C. Holland. “Prevention and Treatment of Injuries and Infections Related to Pubic Hair Removal.” Nursing for women’s health 21.4 (2017): 313-317.
    • Moshki, Mahdi, Fereshteh Zamani-Alavijeh, and Mehdi Mojadam. “Efficacy of peer education for adopting preventive behaviors against head lice infestation in female elementary school students: a randomised controlled trial.” PloS one 12.1 (2017): e0169361.
    • Osterberg, E. Charles, et al. “Correlation between pubic hair grooming and STIs: results from a nationally representative probability sample.” Sex Transm Infect 93.3 (2017): 162-166.
  • Transmission
    • Osterberg, Charles, et al. “Association between pubic hair grooming and sexually transmitted infections: Results from a nationally representative probability sample.” The Journal of Urology 195.4 (2016).
    • Monsel, Gentiane, and Olivier Chosidow. “24 Scabies, lice, and myiasis.” Clinical Infectious Disease (2015): 162.
    • Hodges, Ashley L., and Aimee C. Holland. “Prevention and Treatment of Injuries and Infections Related to Pubic Hair Removal.” Nursing for women’s health 21.4 (2017): 313-317.
    • Kin, Cindy, and Mark Lane Welton. “Sexually Transmitted Infections.” The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Springer, Cham, 2016. 325-342.
    • Mehlhorn, Heinz. “Mouthparts of Bloodsuckers and Their Ability to Transmit Agents of Diseases.” Mosquito-borne Diseases. Springer, Cham, 2018. 131-158.
Scabies References
  • Symptoms
    • Engelman, Daniel, and Andrew C. Steer. “Diagnosis, treatment, and control of scabies: can we do better?.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 18.8 (2018): 822-823.
    • Salavastru, C. M., et al. “European guideline for the management of scabies.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 31.8 (2017): 1248-1253.
    • Park, Jebyung, et al. “Identifying the time to cure for patients with classic scabies after infection control intervention in acute care hospital settings.” American journal of infection control 47.5 (2019): 588-590.
    • Hewitt, K. A., A. Nalabanda, and J. A. Cassell. “Scabies outbreaks in residential care homes: factors associated with late recognition, burden and impact. A mixed methods study in England.” Epidemiology & Infection 143.7 (2015): 1542-1551.
    • Cohen, Philip R. “Scabies masquerading as bullous pemphigoid: scabies surrepticius.” Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology 10 (2017): 317.
  • Testing
    • Arlian, Larry G., Hermann Feldmeier, and Marjorie S. Morgan. “The potential for a blood test for scabies.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 9.10 (2015): e0004188.
    • Thompson, M. J., et al. “Systematic review of the diagnosis of scabies in therapeutic trials.” Clinical and experimental dermatology 42.5 (2017): 481-487.
    • Abdel-Latif, Azmy A., et al. “Comparing the diagnostic properties of skin scraping, adhesive tape, and dermoscopy in diagnosing scabies.” Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 27.2 (2018): 75-78.
    • Walton, Shelley F., and Bart J. Currie. “Scabies.” Neglected Tropical Diseases-Oceania. Springer, Cham, 2016. 249-272.
    • Hahm, J. E., C. W. Kim, and S. S. Kim. “Nested PCR for diagnosing scabies infestation.” British Journal of Dermatology 179.4 (2018): e173-e173.
  • Treatment
    • Engelman, Daniel, and Andrew C. Steer. “Diagnosis, treatment, and control of scabies: can we do better?.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 18.8 (2018): 822-823.
    • Sanders, Kristen M., et al. “Non-Histaminergic Itch Mediators Elevated in the Skin of a Porcine Model of Scabies and of Human Scabies Patients.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139.4 (2019): 971-973.
    • Aussy, A., et al. “Risk factors for treatment failure in scabies: a cohort study.” British Journal of Dermatology (2018).
    • Mounsey, Kate E., et al. “Prospects for moxidectin as a new oral treatment for human scabies.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 10.3 (2016): e0004389.
    • Ahmad, Hesham M., Eman S. Abdel‐Azim, and Rasha T. Abdel‐Aziz. “Clinical efficacy and safety of topical versus oral ivermectin in treatment of uncomplicated scabies.” Dermatologic therapy 29.1 (2016): 58-63.
  • Prevention
    • May, Philippa J., et al. “Treatment, prevention and public health management of impetigo, scabies, crusted scabies and fungal skin infections in endemic populations: a systematic review.” Tropical Medicine & International Health 24.3 (2019): 280-293.
    • May, Philippa, et al. “Protocol for the systematic review of the prevention, treatment and public health management of impetigo, scabies and fungal skin infections in resource-limited settings.” Systematic reviews 5.1 (2016): 162.
    • Wang, Peihong, et al. “Investigation, prevention and control of a healthcare-associated infection outbreak due to Norwegian scabies.” Chinese Journal of Infection Control 16.8 (2017): 749-751.
    • Makkar, S. S. “Prevention and management of scabies in pets vis-a-vis human health.” Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung 262.02 (2017): FF03-02.
    • Mara, Duncan. “Scabies control: the forgotten role of personal hygiene.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 18.10 (2018): 1068.
  • Transmission
    • van der Linden, Naomi, et al. “A systematic review of scabies transmission models and data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions.” PLoS neglected tropical diseases 13.3 (2019): e0007182.
    • Rihatmadja, Rahadi, et al. “Why are they hard to treat? A preliminary survey to predict important factors causing persistent scabies among students of religion-affiliated boarding schools in Indonesia.” Dermatology Reports (2019).
    • Kinyanjui, Timothy, et al. “Scabies in residential care homes: Modelling, inference and interventions for well-connected population sub-units.” PLoS computational biology 14.3 (2018): e1006046.
    • Park, Jebyung, et al. “Identifying the time to cure for patients with classic scabies after infection control intervention in acute care hospital settings.” American journal of infection control 47.5 (2019): 588-590.
    • Engelman, Daniel, and Andrew Steer. “Control strategies for scabies.” Tropical medicine and infectious disease 3.3 (2018): 98.
Stigma References
  • STI/STD Stigma
    • Thomas JA, Ditchman N, Beedle RB. The impact of knowledge, self-efficacy, and stigma on STI testing intention among college students. J Am Coll Health. (2020).
    • Hood JE, Friedman AL. Unveiling the hidden epidemic: a review of stigma associated with sexually transmissible infections. Sex Health. (2011).
    • Wombacher K, Dai M, Matig JJ, Harrington NG. Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to understand college students’ STI testing beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. J Am Coll Health. (2018).
    • Lee ASD, Cody SL. The Stigma of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Nurs Clin North Am. (2020).
    • Hutchinson P, Dhairyawan R. Shame, stigma, HIV: philosophical reflections. Med Humanit. (2017).
    • Tan RKJ, Kaur N, Kumar PA, Tay E, Leong A, Chen MI, Wong CS. Clinics as spaces of costly disclosure: HIV/STI testing and anticipated stigma among gay, bisexual and queer men. Cult Health Sex. (2020).
    • Shepherd L, Harwood H. The role of STI-related attitudes on screening attendance in young adults. Psychol Health Med. (2017).
    • Newton DC, McCabe MP. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Impact on Individuals and Their Relationships. Journal of Health Psychology. (2008).
    • Charlton BM, Hatzenbuehler ML, Jun HJ, Sarda V, Gordon AR, Raifman JRG, Austin SB. Structural stigma and sexual orientation-related reproductive health disparities in a longitudinal cohort study of female adolescents. J Adolesc. (2019).
Syphilis References
  • Symptoms
    • Chow, E. P. F., et al. “Duration of syphilis symptoms at presentations in men who have sex with men in Australia: are current public health campaigns effective?.” Epidemiology & Infection 144.1 (2016): 113-122.
    • Patel, Nupur U., et al. “Early congenital syphilis: recognising symptoms of an increasingly prevalent disease.” Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 22.1 (2018): 97-99.
    • Yao, Xiao, et al. “Novel predictors of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative syphilis patients with neurological symptoms: an observational study.” BMC Infectious Diseases 17 (2017).
    • Nyatsanza, Farai, and Craig Tipple. “Syphilis: presentations in general medicine.” Clinical Medicine 16.2 (2016): 184-188.
    • Gevorgyan, Ofelya, et al. “A nodular-ulcerative form of secondary syphilis in AIDS.” Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. Vol. 30. No. 1. Taylor & Francis, 2017.
  • Testing
    • Chow, Eric PF, et al. “Increased syphilis testing of men who have sex with men: greater detection of asymptomatic early syphilis and relative reduction in secondary syphilis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 65.3 (2017): 389-395.
    • Swartzendruber, Andrea, et al. “Introduction of rapid syphilis testing in antenatal care: A systematic review of the impact on HIV and syphilis testing uptake and coverage.” International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 130 (2015): S15-S21.
    • Adeyinka, Daniel A., et al. “Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis: Is it a reality in Nigeria by 2020?.” Scandinavian journal of public health 46.8 (2018): 794-797.
    • Tipple, Craig, and Graham P. Taylor. “Syphilis testing, typing, and treatment follow-up: a new era for an old disease.” Current opinion in infectious diseases 28.1 (2015): 53-60.
    • Hall, Brian J., et al. “Barriers and Facilitators of Rapid HIV and Syphilis Testing Uptake Among Filipino Transnational Migrants in China.” AIDS and behavior (2019): 1-10.
  • Treatment
    • Stamm, L. V. “Syphilis: antibiotic treatment and resistance.” Epidemiology & Infection 143.8 (2015): 1567-1574.
    • Seña, Arlene C., et al. “Rate of decline in nontreponemal antibody titers and seroreversion after treatment of early syphilis.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.1 (2017): 6.
    • Taylor, Melanie M., et al. “The amount of penicillin needed to prevent mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94.8 (2016): 559.
    • Antonio, Marilia B., et al. “Natural experiment of syphilis treatment with doxycycline or benzathine penicillin in HIV-infected patients.” Aids 33.1 (2019): 77-81.
    • Lawrence, David, et al. “Syphilis treatment in the presence of HIV: the debate goes on.” Current opinion in infectious diseases 28.1 (2015): 44-52.
  • Prevention
    • Kidd, Sarah, et al. “Use of national syphilis surveillance data to develop a congenital syphilis prevention cascade and estimate the number of potential congenital syphilis cases averted.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45 (2018): S23-S28.
    • Chesson, Harrell W., and Kwame Owusu-Edusei Jr. “Relative Impact of Different Strategies for Allocating Federal Funds for Syphilis Prevention.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45 (2018): S72-S77.
    • Kroeger, Karen A., et al. “Pathways to congenital syphilis prevention: A rapid qualitative assessment of barriers, and the public health response, in Caddo Parish, Louisiana.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45.7 (2018): 442-446.
    • Plotzker, Rosalyn E., Ryan D. Murphy, and Juliet E. Stoltey. “Congenital Syphilis Prevention: Strategies, Evidence, and Future Directions.” Sexually transmitted diseases 45 (2018): S29-S37.
    • Wu, Xiaobing, et al. “Poor awareness of syphilis prevention and treatment knowledge among six different populations in south China.” BMC public health 16.1 (2016): 287.
  • Transmission
    • Stahlman, Shauna, et al. “Acceptable interventions to reduce syphilis transmission among high-risk men who have sex with men in Los Angeles.” American journal of public health 105.3 (2015): e88-e94.
    • Stoltey, Juliet E., and Stephanie E. Cohen. “Syphilis transmission: a review of the current evidence.” Sexual health 12.2 (2015): 103-109.
    • Gumel, Abba, et al. “Mathematics of a sex‐structured model for syphilis transmission dynamics.” Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 41.18 (2018): 8488-8513.
    • Taylor, Melanie M., et al. “The amount of penicillin needed to prevent mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94.8 (2016): 559.
    • Braccio, Serena, Mike Sharland, and Shamez N. Ladhani. “Prevention and treatment of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis.” Current opinion in infectious diseases 29.3 (2016): 268-274.
Trichomoniasis References
  • Symptoms
    • Doxtader, Erika E., and Tarik M. Elsheikh. “Diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men by urine cytology.” Cancer cytopathology 125.1 (2017): 55-59.
    • Ahady, Mohammad Taghi, et al. “Prevalence of Trichomoniasis among 18–48 year-old women in northwest of Iran.” Iranian journal of parasitology 11.4 (2016): 580.
    • Sobel, Jack D. “Approach to women with symptoms of vaginitis.” UpToDate. August 19 (2016).
    • Graves, Keonte J., et al. “Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) among women with trichomoniasis and associations with demographics, clinical outcomes, and metronidazole resistance.” Clinical Infectious Diseases (2019).
    • Jamshidi, Ali. “Comparison of Three Methods of Clinical Diagnosis, Microscopic and PCR Techniques for Detection of Trichomoniasis in Women in the Yasuj City.” Science 5.1 (2016): 12-15.
  • Testing
    • Postenrieder, Nikki R., et al. “Rapid antigen testing for Trichomoniasis in an Emergency Department.” Pediatrics 137.6 (2016).
    • Muzny, Christina A., et al. “Incidence and predictors of reinfection with trichomoniasis based on nucleic acid amplification testing results in HIV-infected patients.” International journal of STD & AIDS (2018): 0956462418807115.
    • Natoli, Lisa, et al. “17 Pointofcare testing for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis.” A Practical Guide to Global Point-of-Care Testing (2016).
    • Liu, Eugene W., et al. “Survey of Obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States About Trichomoniasis, 2016.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.1 (2019): 9.
    • Rosenberger, Kelly D., and Courtney Fisk. “A missed diagnosis of trichomoniasis.” The Nurse Practitioner 42.2 (2017): 1-4.
  • Treatment
    • Kissinger, Patricia, et al. “Single-dose versus 7-day-dose metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women: an open-label, randomised controlled trial.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 18.11 (2018): 1251-1259.
    • Howe, Katharine, and Patricia Kissinger. “Single-dose compared to multi-dose metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women: A meta-analysis.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.1 (2017): 29.
    • Kissinger, Patricia. “Epidemiology and treatment of trichomoniasis.” Current infectious disease reports 17.6 (2015): 31.
    • Bouchemal, Kawthar, Christian Bories, and Philippe M. Loiseau. “Strategies for prevention and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections.” Clinical microbiology reviews 30.3 (2017): 811-825.
    • de Brum Vieira, Patricia, Tiana Tasca, and W. Evan Secor. “Challenges and persistent questions in the treatment of Trichomoniasis.” Current topics in medicinal chemistry 17.11 (2017): 1249-1265.
  • Prevention
    • Bouchemal, Kawthar, Christian Bories, and Philippe M. Loiseau. “Strategies for prevention and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections.” Clinical microbiology reviews 30.3 (2017): 811-825.
    • Rönn, Minttu M., and Katherine ME Turner. “The dawn of novel STI prevention methods: modelling potential unintended effects of changes in cervical cancer screening guidelines on trichomoniasis.” (2018): 161-162.
    • Holmes, K. K., et al. “Sexually Transmitted Infections: Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Prevention–Major Infectious Diseases.” (2017).
    • Howe, Katharine, and Patricia Kissinger. “Single-dose compared to multi-dose metronidazole for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women: A meta-analysis.” Sexually transmitted diseases 44.1 (2017): 29.
    • Khurana, Sumeeta, and Shreya Singh. “Human Trichomoniasis.” Infectious Diseases and Your Health. Springer, Singapore, 2018. 99-111.
  • Transmission
    • de Brum Vieira, Patricia, Tiana Tasca, and W. Evan Secor. “Challenges and persistent questions in the treatment of Trichomoniasis.” Current topics in medicinal chemistry 17.11 (2017): 1249-1265.
    • Kissinger, Patricia. “Epidemiology and treatment of trichomoniasis.” Current infectious disease reports 17.6 (2015): 31.
    • Bruni, Mirian Pinheiro, et al. “Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis assay elucidates significant underdiagnosis of trichomoniasis among women in Brazil according to an observational study.” Sex Transm Infect 95.2 (2019): 129-132.
    • Meites, Elissa, et al. “A review of evidence-based care of symptomatic trichomoniasis and asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infections.” Clinical infectious diseases 61.suppl_8 (2015): S837-S848.
    • Menezes, Camila Braz, Amanda Piccoli Frasson, and Tiana Tasca. “Trichomoniasis-are we giving the deserved attention to the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide?.” Microbial cell 3.9 (2016): 404.
Vaginitis References
  • Symptoms
    • Sobel, Jack D. “Approach to women with symptoms of vaginitis.” UpToDate. August 19 (2016).
    • Paavonen, Jorma, and Robert C. Brunham. “Bacterial Vaginosis and Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis.” New England Journal of Medicine 379.23 (2018): 2246-2254.
    • Mitchell, C., et al. “Vaginal bacteria and cytokines in women with idiopathic vaginitis.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 219.6 (2018).
    • Hillier, Sharon, et al. “Clinical practice and accuracy of vaginitis diagnosis in community based settings.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 219.6 (2018).
    • Nwankwo, Theophilus Ogochukwu, Uzochukwu Uzoma Aniebue, and Uchenna Anthony Umeh. “Syndromic diagnosis in evaluation of women with symptoms of vaginitis.” Current infectious disease reports 19.1 (2017): 3.
    • Sanguinetti, Maurizio, et al. “In Vitro Activity of Fenticonazole against Candida and Bacterial Vaginitis Isolates Determined by Mono-or Dual-Species Testing Assays.” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (2019): AAC-02693.
    • Van Schalkwyk, Julie, et al. “Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37.3 (2015): 266-274.
    • Johnston, Christine, et al. “O11. 1 Decline in genital shedding in the year after first clinical episode genital herpes simplex virus type 1.” (2017): A24-A25.
    • Khan, Shahla. “A survey on Vulvovaginal Candidiasis or Vulvovaginitis-A Vaginal yeast infection by the fungus Candida albicans.” (2018).
    • Vezzani, Cristina, et al. “Vulvovaginitis in Childhood.” Good Practice in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Springer, Cham, 2018. 1-17.
    • Vieira-Baptista, Pedro, et al. “Bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, vaginal inflammation and major Pap smear abnormalities.” European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 35.4 (2016): 657-664.
  • Testing
    • Van Der Pol, Barbara, et al. “Molecular-based testing for sexually transmitted infections using samples previously collected for vaginitis diagnosis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 68.3 (2018): 375-381.
    • Hillier, Sharon, et al. “Clinical practice and accuracy of vaginitis diagnosis in community based settings.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 219.6 (2018).
    • Ackerman, Stacey J., et al. “Health care utilization and costs following amplified versus non-amplified molecular probe testing for symptomatic patients with suspected vulvovaginitis: a US commercial payer population.” ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research: CEOR 11 (2019): 179.
    • Schwebke, Jane R., et al. “Diagnostic performance of a molecular test versus clinician assessment of vaginitis.” Journal of clinical microbiology 56.6 (2018): e00252-18.
    • Danby, C., et al. “7: Is more always better? comparing nucleic acid amplification testing to traditional methods in diagnosis of vaginal infections in gynecology and vulvovaginal referral offices.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 213.6 (2015): 885-886.
    • Paavonen, Jorma, and Robert C. Brunham. “Bacterial vaginosis and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis.” New England Journal of Medicine 379.23 (2018): 2246-2254.
    • Vieira-Baptista, Pedro, et al. “Bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, vaginal inflammation and major Pap smear abnormalities.” European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 35.4 (2016): 657-664.
    • Gaydos, Charlotte A., et al. “Clinical validation of a test for the diagnosis of vaginitis.” Obstetrics and gynecology 130.1 (2017): 181.
    • Van Schalkwyk, Julie, et al. “Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37.3 (2015): 266-274.
    • Wallis, Luke, and Richard P. Usatine. “Vulvar pain in pregnancy: the patient was first diagnosed with candida vaginitis, but a second opinion and a closer look at the clinical picture gave way to a different diagnosis.” Journal of Family Practice 65.3 (2016): 201-204.
    • Du, Qiuling, et al. “The antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus type II (HSV2) in a mouse model of vaginitis.” International immunopharmacology 68 (2019): 58-67.
    • Khan, Shahla. “A survey on Vulvovaginal Candidiasis or Vulvovaginitis-A Vaginal yeast infection by the fungus Candida albicans.” (2018).
  • Treatment
    • Santos, Carolina MA, et al. “Selection of Lactobacillus strains as potential probiotics for vaginitis treatment.” Microbiology 162.7 (2016): 1195-1207.
    • Rioux, Jacques Emile, et al. “17β-estradiol vaginal tablet versus conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream to relieve menopausal atrophic vaginitis.” Menopause 25.11 (2018): 1208-1213.
    • Zalewski, Jerzy, et al. “Calophyllum inophyllum in vaginitis treatment: Stimulated by electroporation with an in vitro approach.” Advances in clinical and experimental medicine: official organ Wroclaw Medical University (2018).
    • Donders, Gilbert GG, Katerina Ruban, and Gert Bellen. “Selecting anti-microbial treatment of aerobic vaginitis.” Current infectious disease reports 17.5 (2015): 24.
    • Van Schalkwyk, Julie, et al. “Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37.3 (2015): 266-274.
    • Nyirjesy, Paul, and Jane R. Schwebke. “Secnidazole: next-generation antimicrobial agent for bacterial vaginosis treatment.” Future microbiology 13.5 (2018): 507-524.
    • Bohbot, J. M., et al. “PRISM study: Comparison of a nystatin-neomycin-polymyxin B combination with miconazole for the empirical treatment of infectious vaginitis.” Medecine et maladies infectieuses (2019).
    • Goje, Oluwatosin, and Jessian L. Munoz. “Vulvovaginitis: Find the cause to treat it.” Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 84.3 (2017): 215-224.
    • Shi, Hui-Juan, et al. “Efficacy and safety of combined high-dose interferon and red light therapy for the treatment of human papillomavirus and associated vaginitis and cervicitis: A prospective and randomized clinical study.” Medicine 97.37 (2018).
    • Khan, Shahla. “A survey on Vulvovaginal Candidiasis or Vulvovaginitis-A Vaginal yeast infection by the fungus Candida albicans.” (2018).
    • Sobel, Jack D., and Carol A. Kauffman. “Candida vulvovaginitis: Treatment.” Review Up to date May (2018).
  • Prevention
    • Wan Muda, Wan Mahfuzah, Li Ping Wong, and Sun Tee Tay. “Prevention practices of vaginitis among Malaysian women and its associated factors.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38.5 (2018): 708-715.
    • Koledin, Slađana, et al. “Evaluation of incidence and prevention of vulvovaginitis in juvenile stage: Professional article.” Sestrinska reč 20.73 (2016): 4-6.
    • Sobel, Jack D., and Carol A. Kauffman. “Candida vulvovaginitis: Treatment.” Review Up to date May (2018).
    • Cianci, Antonio, et al. “Observational prospective study on Lactobacillus plantarum P 17630 in the prevention of vaginal infections, during and after systemic antibiotic therapy or in women with recurrent vaginal or genitourinary infections.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38.5 (2018): 693-696.
    • Obiero, Jael, et al. “Nifuratel‐Nystatin combination for the treatment of mixed infections of bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomonal vaginitis.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2018).
    • Ratner, Adam J., and Saul Hymes. “Treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis and Gardnerella vaginalis infections.” U.S. Patent No. 9,198,957. 1 Dec. 2015.
    • Heczko, Piotr B., et al. “Supplementation of standard antibiotic therapy with oral probiotics for bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.” BMC women’s health 15.1 (2015): 115.
    • Fang, Cheng, et al. “Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Rehabilitation in Preventing Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis.” Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 6.4 (2018): 94-97.
    • Donders, Gilbert GG, et al. “For publication Aerobic vaginitis: no longer a stranger.” (2017).
    • Shen, Danting. “PREVENTION OF SERIOUS INFECTIONS DURING PREGNANCY.” (2017).
    • Paavonen, Jorma, and Robert C. Brunham. “Bacterial vaginosis and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis.” New England Journal of Medicine 379.23 (2018): 2246-2254.
    • Wallis, Luke, and Richard P. Usatine. “Vulvar pain in pregnancy: the patient was first diagnosed with candida vaginitis, but a second opinion and a closer look at the clinical picture gave way to a different diagnosis.” Journal of Family Practice 65.3 (2016): 201-204.
    • Du, Qiuling, et al. “The antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus type II (HSV2) in a mouse model of vaginitis.” International immunopharmacology 68 (2019): 58-67.
    • Shi, Hui-Juan, et al. “Efficacy and safety of combined high-dose interferon and red light therapy for the treatment of human papillomavirus and associated vaginitis and cervicitis: A prospective and randomized clinical study.” Medicine 97.37 (2018).
  • Transmission
    • Grinceviciene, Svitrigaile, et al. “Sexual behaviour and extra‐genital colonisation in women treated for recurrent Candida vulvo‐vaginitis.” Mycoses 61.11 (2018): 857-860.
    • Wang, Haixia, et al. “An epidemiological study on vaginitis in 6,150 women of reproductive age in Shanghai.” The new microbiologica 40.2 (2017): 113-8.
    • Paavonen, Jorma, and Robert C. Brunham. “Bacterial Vaginosis and Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis.” New England Journal of Medicine 379.23 (2018): 2246-2254.
    • Donders, Gilbert GG, et al. “Is multiple-site colonization with Candida spp. related to inadequate response to individualized fluconazole maintenance therapy in women with recurrent Candida vulvovaginitis?.” Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 92.3 (2018): 226-229.
    • Mills, Benjie Brown. “Vaginitis: beyond the basics.” Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics 44.2 (2017): 159-177.
    • Wariso, K. T., et al. “Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis among Patients with Vulvovaginitis in a Tertiary Hospital in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.” Asian J. Med. and Health 7.4 (2017): 1-7.
    • Van Der Pol, Barbara, et al. “Molecular-based testing for sexually transmitted infections using samples previously collected for vaginitis diagnosis.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 68.3 (2018): 375-381.
    • Rulisa, Stephen, et al. “Nifuratel‐Nystatin combination for the treatment of mixed infections of bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomonal vaginitis.” The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018.4 (2018).
    • Vieira-Baptista, Pedro, and Jacob Bornstein. “Candidiasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, Trichomoniasis and Other Vaginal Conditions Affecting the Vulva.” Vulvar Disease. Springer, Cham, 2019. 167-205.
    • Van Schalkwyk, Julie, et al. “Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37.3 (2015): 266-274.
    • Brady, Paula C. “Vulvovaginitis and Vaginal Bleeding in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients.” Handbook of Consult and Inpatient Gynecology. Springer, Cham, 2016. 235-271.
    • Nenoff, P., et al. “Non-viral sexually transmitted infections-epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and therapy: part 2: Chlamydia and mycoplasma.” Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 68.1 (2017): 50-58.
    • Khan, Shahla. “A survey on Vulvovaginal Candidiasis or Vulvovaginitis-A Vaginal yeast infection by the fungus Candida albicans.” (2018).
    • Isaac, N., et al. “Routine screening for Trichomonas vaginalis among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive antenatal clients in Zaria: A necessity or option?.” Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 33.3 (2016): 322.
    • Wallis, Luke, and Richard P. Usatine. “Vulvar pain in pregnancy: the patient was first diagnosed with candida vaginitis, but a second opinion and a closer look at the clinical picture gave way to a different diagnosis.” Journal of Family Practice 65.3 (2016): 201-204.
Zika References
  • Symptoms
    • Heymann, David L., et al. “Zika virus and microcephaly: why is this situation a PHEIC?.” The Lancet 387.10020 (2016): 719-721.
    • Musso, Didier, et al. “Detection of Zika virus in saliva.” Journal of Clinical Virology 68 (2015): 53-55.
    • Ginier, Mylène, et al. “Zika without symptoms in returning travellers: What are the implications?.” Travel medicine and infectious disease 14.1 (2016): 16-20.
    • Gatherer, Derek, and Alain Kohl. “Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas.” Journal of General Virology 97.2 (2016): 269-273.
    • Paixão, Enny S., et al. “History, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of Zika: a systematic review.” American journal of public health 106.4 (2016): 606-612.
  • Testing
    • Musso, Didier, et al. “Detection of Zika virus in saliva.” Journal of Clinical Virology 68 (2015): 53-55.
    • McCarthy, Michael. “Zika virus was transmitted by sexual contact in Texas, health officials report.” (2016): i720.
    • Cauchemez, Simon, et al. “Could clinical symptoms be a predictor of complications in Zika virus infection?–Authors’ reply.” The Lancet 388.10042 (2016): 338-339.
    • Musso, Didier, and Duane J. Gubler. “Zika virus.” Clinical microbiology reviews 29.3 (2016): 487-524.
    • Chimelli, Leila, et al. “The spectrum of neuropathological changes associated with congenital Zika virus infection.” Acta neuropathologica 133.6 (2017): 983-999.
  • Treatment
    • Jackman, Joshua A., et al. “Therapeutic treatment of Zika virus infection using a brain-penetrating antiviral peptide.” Nature Materials 17.11 (2018): 971.
    • Saxena, Shailendra K., et al. “Zika virus outbreak: an overview of the experimental therapeutics and treatment.” Virusdisease 27.2 (2016): 111-115.
    • Shiryaev, Sergey A., et al. “Repurposing of the anti-malaria drug chloroquine for Zika Virus treatment and prophylaxis.” Scientific reports 7.1 (2017): 15771.
    • Shuaib, Waqas, et al. “Re-emergence of Zika virus: a review on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.” The American journal of medicine 129.8 (2016): 879-e7.
    • Miller, Michele, et al. “What are people tweeting about Zika? An exploratory study concerning its symptoms, treatment, transmission, and prevention.” JMIR public health and surveillance 3.2 (2017): e38.
  • Prevention
    • Shuaib, Waqas, et al. “Re-emergence of Zika virus: a review on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.” The American journal of medicine 129.8 (2016): 879-e7.
    • Gao, Daozhou, et al. “Prevention and control of Zika as a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted disease: a mathematical modeling analysis.” Scientific reports 6 (2016): 28070.
    • Miller, Michele, et al. “What are people tweeting about Zika? An exploratory study concerning its symptoms, treatment, transmission, and prevention.” JMIR public health and surveillance 3.2 (2017): e38.
    • Oster, Alexandra M., et al. “Interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus—United States, 2016.” (2016).
    • Sharma, Anshika, and Sunil K. Lal. “Zika virus: transmission, detection, control, and prevention.” Frontiers in microbiology 8 (2017): 110.
  • Transmission
    • Brooks, John T. “Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Zika, Zika Action Plan (ZAP) Post-Summit Teleconference.” (2016).
    • Musso, Didier, et al. “Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus.” Emerging infectious diseases 21.2 (2015): 359.
    • Chimelli, Leila, et al. “The spectrum of neuropathological changes associated with congenital Zika virus infection.” Acta neuropathologica 133.6 (2017): 983-999.
    • McCarthy, Michael. “Zika virus was transmitted by sexual contact in Texas, health officials report.” (2016): i720.Musso, Didier, and Duane J. Gubler. “Zika virus.” Clinical microbiology reviews 29.3 (2016): 487-524.

About Jenelle Pierce, MBA, CSE, CHES, Board President

Jenelle Marie Pierce, CSE, (she/her/hers) is the Executive Director of The STI Project: Breaking the Stigma® and its child sites; an Adjunct Professor; the Spokesperson for Positive Singles; and a Tri-Chair of the Communications Action Group at the National Coalition for Sexual Health (NCSH). As an STI+ Certified Sexuality Educator, Jenelle has been dismantling stigma by reclaiming STI narratives® through awareness, education, and acceptance since 2012. For fun, Jenelle stays active as a group fitness instructor and also spends time camping, snow shoeing, hiking, skiing, kayaking, growing things, running through sprinklers, and building sand castles. Learn more about her here, or find her on social media: Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook.

Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. jane

    I have pop up like pearly penile papules under my majora labia its scares me ..not itchy not pain no blood or extract comes out so i dont know what it is

    • Jenelle Marie

      Hi Jane –

      Pearly penile papules affect men, so if your symptoms resemble them, it’s important you see a healthcare provider while they’re still present, as everything is easiest to diagnose while visual symptoms are present.

      Thanks for your question!

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