Last Updated on July 29, 2021 by Stacy Sampson, DO
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease STI/STD Brief
These briefs are intended to give readers (specifically those who weren’t aware many of these STIs/STDs existed) an overview of each STI/STD, their commonality, treatment options, and diagnostic tests available.
This information is by no means all-encompassing and The STI Project encourages using these briefs as primers and then further delving into the resources section when subsequent questions arise.
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Symptoms, Test & Treatment
Common? Quite common. Around 1 million women contract it in the U.S. annually
Symptoms Many people with vulvas/vaginas do not know that they have pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some cases of PID may have no symptoms at all. Later, vaginal discharge, spotting and pain between periods, pain in the lower abdomen and back, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, pain during vaginal intercourse
Cure? Antibiotics – In more developed cases, surgery may be needed to repair or remove reproductive organs
Bacterial/Viral/ Fungal/Parasitic Bacterial – Many different types of bacteria can cause PID, but most cases of PID are caused by the chlamydia and gonorrhea bacteria
Test Pelvic exam. Tests will also be done for chlamydia, gonorrhea , or other infections, because they often cause PID. They may also do a blood test, test of secretions, or a laparoscopy
Life-Long? No
Life-Threatening? No, but it can cause serious problems, such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pain
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- About STIs/STDs – Your Ultimate Reference Guide
- STI/STD? What Now?
- Detailed PID Symptoms
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) In-Depth
- Looking for more information about pelvic inflammatory disease?
- Looking for STI testing centers, pelvic inflammatory disease treatment, STI hotlines, or STI blogs and forums?
- Would you like to read stories about people living with an STI/STD?
References
- Symptoms
- Esser, M. M., R. Nortje, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
- Nortje, R., M. M. Esser, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
- Matsuyama, Reiko, Akira Tsuchiya, and Osamu Nishii. “Predictive factors for emergent surgical intervention in patients with ovarian endometrioma hospitalized for pelvic inflammatory disease: A retrospective observational study.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 44.2 (2018): 286-291.
- Martínez-Moreno, Francisco, Gilberto Figueiredo, and E. Lorenzo. “In-the-field PID related experiences.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 174 (2018): 485-493.
- Latimer, Rosie L., et al. “Clinical Features and Therapeutic Response in Women Meeting Criteria for Presumptive Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Associated With Mycoplasma genitalium.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.2 (2019): 73-79.
- Testing
- Hacke, Peter, and Steve Johnston. “All About PID-Testing and Avoidance in the Field.” Photovoltaics International 33.NREL/JA-5J00-66799 (2016).
- Sakurai, Keiichiro, et al. “Accelerated Outdoor PID Testing of CIGS Modules and Comparison with Indoor PID Tests.” 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC)(A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC). IEEE, 2018.
- Gou, Xianfang, et al. “PID testing method suitable for process control of solar cells mass production.” International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015).
- Berghold, J., et al. “PID: from material properties to outdoor performance and quality control counter measures.” Reliability of Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, Components, and Systems VIII. Vol. 9563. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2015.
- Koentopp, Max B., Marcel Kröber, and Christian Taubitz. “Toward a PID test standard: understanding and modeling of laboratory tests and field progression.” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6.1 (2016): 252-257.
- Treatment
- Dean, Gillian, et al. “O031 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Mycoplasma genitalium and macrolide resistance in England.” (2016): A12-A12.
- Dean, Gillian, et al. “O006 Is a short course of azithromycin effective in the treatment of mild to moderate Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?.” (2016): A3-A3.
- Latimer, Rosie L., et al. “Clinical Features and Therapeutic Response in Women Meeting Criteria for Presumptive Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Associated With Mycoplasma genitalium.” Sexually transmitted diseases 46.2 (2019): 73-79.
- Solomon, Michelle, et al. “Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Pediatric Emergency Department: Epidemiology and Treatment.” Pediatric emergency care (2017).
- Buchanan, Cara, et al. “24. Parental Notification following Diagnosis of PID in Urban Adolescent Young Adults.” Journal of Adolescent Health 56.2 (2015): S13.
- Prevention
- Das, Breanne B., Jocelyn Ronda, and Maria Trent. “Pelvic inflammatory disease: improving awareness, prevention, and treatment.” Infection and drug resistance 9 (2016): 191.
- Esser, M. M., R. Nortje, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
- Nortje, R., M. M. Esser, and P. Potter. “Meeting the needs of primary immunodeficiency patients in South Africa-some findings from the South African registry: PID article.” Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 29.1 (2016): 56-61.
- Oh, Jaewon, et al. “Application of flexible glass to prevent PID in PV modules.” 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2015.
- Low, N., et al. “P08. 21 Sex and pelvic inflammatory disease: what’s the relationship? case-control study.” (2015): A140-A140.
- Transmission
- Brunham, Robert C., Sami L. Gottlieb, and Jorma Paavonen. “Pelvic inflammatory disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 372.21 (2015): 2039-2048.
- Butz, Arlene M., et al. “Care-seeking behavior after notification among young women with recurrent sexually transmitted infections after pelvic inflammatory disease.” Clinical pediatrics 55.12 (2016): 1107-1112.
- Ross, Jonathan, et al. “2017 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease.” International journal of STD & AIDS 29.2 (2018): 108-114.
- Haggerty, Catherine L., et al. “Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.” Sex Transm Infect 92.6 (2016): 441-446.
- Chen, Justin Z., et al. “Gonococcal and Chlamydial Cases of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease at 2 Canadian Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics, 2004 to 2014: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Review.” (2018): 280-282.
